x^- 


OUTLINES 


OF 


ETYMOLOGY 


BY 

S.  S.  HALDEMAN,  LL.D,,  M.KA.S. 

PEOFESSOK  OF  COMPABATIVE   PHILOLOGY  IK  THE  rNIVEKSITT  OP  PEmrSTLVASIA ; 
PKESIDEHT  OF  THE  AMERICAN   PHILOLOGICAL  AS30CIATI0K,  1876-7. 


J.  1  li  \i  A  \i  V 
CALI  r ' 


PHILADELPHIA 
J.   B.  LIPPINCOTT   &    CO. 

LONDON :  16  SOUTHAMPTON  ST.,  COVENT  GARDEN. 
1878 


ALL  RIGHTS  RESERVED. 


Copyrigbt,  1877,  by  J.  B.  Lippincott  &  Co. 


y^( 


LippiNcoTT's  Press, 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 

Preface 5 

CHAPTER  1. 

Introduction 9 

Speech-words  and  Book-words;  The  Romans  in  Britain,  9; 
Angles  and  Saxons;  Danes  and  Norwegians;  Normans, 
10^  Factitious  Words,  11. 

CHAPTER  2. 
Phonology 12 

Vowels,  13;  Consonants,  14;  Etymologic  Chart,  16. 

CHAPTER  3. 
Morphology 17 

Intermutation,  17;  Permutation  of  Labials,  17;  Dentals, 
SiGMALS,  Gutturals,  18;  Transmutation,  19;  Formation 
OP  t-sh,  19 ;  of  d-zh,  21 ;  of  sh,  zh,  22 ;  Imitatives,  Re- 
duplication, Alliteration,  23 ;  Dimorphism,  24. 

CHAPTER  4. 
Synthesis 26 

Compound  Words,  26;  Development  of  Meanings,  27;  Hi- 
BRiDiTY,  Eduction  and  Absorption  ;  Epenthesis,  29 ;  Meta- 
thesis; Induction,  Otosis,  30;  Parasynesis;  Analepsy, 
31;  Euphemism;  Representation,  32;  Parop'sis,  34. 

CHAPTER  5. 
Paresis  or  Neglect 35 


4  CONTENTS. 

« 
CHAPTEK  6.  PAGE 

Grammar 39 

CHAPTER  7. 
Analysis 42 


CHAPTER  8. 
Affixes 50 

Prefixes,  55 ;  Suffixes,  60. 

CHAPTER  9. 
Derivation 70 

'A'  &c.  hloio,  breathe,  live,  70;  AN  b)'eathe,  blow,  live,  72;  AL 
grow,  73;  AL  other,  73;  ANG  compress,  74;  EC  even,  74; 
PA,  FA  shine,  speak,  75;  BAR  bear,  carry,  produce,  75; 
cLA,  gLA  shine,  76 ;  LU  (=loo)  loosen,  11 ;  LAG  lay,  78 ; 
TA  (=  tab)  stretch,  81 ;  TAG  cover,  83  ;  TRAC,  DRAG  draw, 
83;  RAG  reaeh,%b;  CAP  take,  86;  CO,  sCU  (=  scoo)  cover, 
86;  GA,  Q As  produce,  87;  CAL  call,  89;  GOL  shine,  89. 

CHAPTER  10. 

Synonymy 91 

English — Latin,  91 ;  English — French — Latin,  92  ;  Eng- 
lish—  Latin  —  Greek,  94;  English  —  French  —  Latin  — 
Greek,  94:  Examples  contrasted  and  defined,  97-102, 

Appendix 103 

Pronunciation  of  Latin,  103 ;  Marks  and  Abbreviations,  104 ; 
Selections  of  "words  contributed  to  English  by  Arabic, 
Australian,  Basque,  Brasilian,  Chinese,  Cornish,  Dutch, 
French,  German,  106;  Greek,  Hebrew  (and  Chaldee), 
Hindoo,  Irish,  Italian,  Latin,  107;  Malay,  Mexican, 
North  American  (Algonkin),  Norman,  108;  Persian, 
Peruvian,  Polynesian,  Portuguese,  Russian,  Spanish, 
Turkish,  Welsh,  109;  Words  from  the  Names  of  Per- 
sons AND  People,  109;  of  Places,  110;  The  word  'Nor- 
mal,' 111 ;  Examples  of  English,  113. 


1.1  nu  A  IV 


PEEFAOE. 


IN  the  present  volume  an  attempt  is  made  to  teach 
etymology  as  other  sciences  are  taught,  and,  as  each 
science  has  special  names  for  special  things,  such  names 
will  be  found  where  the  subject  demands  them. 

The  sounds  of  which  English  w^ords  are  made,  are 
treated  under  the  head  of  Phonology — a  term  employed 
by  Duponceau  in  1818.  The  varying  forms  of  words  are 
considered  to  have  a  slight  analogy  with  the  changes  in 
the  organs  of  plants,  and  on  this  account  the  name 
Morphology  has  been  adopted  from  botany;  and  other 
terms  appear  as  they  are  required — the  whole  being  less 
numerous  and  less  difficult  than  those  of  rhetoric* 

The  laws  of  etymology  existed  for  ages  before  the  art 
of  spelling  was  thought  of,  and  they  have  as  much  influ- 
ence in  the  unwritten  words  of  savages  as  they  have  in 
the  literary  languages  of  Europe.f  Yet  we  find  com- 
pilers basing  their  attempts  upon  spelling,  the  variations 
of  which  would  give  different  etymologies  at  different 
periods.  Observing  that  the  Teutonic  words  begg-ar  and 
doll-ar  (formerly  begg-er,  doll-er)  are  now  spelt  with  "  ar," 
this  mere  spelling  of  the  proper  suffix  is  referred  to  the 
Latin  -ar  of  globul-ar,  but  it  agrees  with  that  of  digg-er 

*  Such  as  antonomasia,  eatachresis,  hypotyposis,  polysyndeton,  synecdoche. 

t  For  example,  the  savages  of  Brasil  call  a  certain  river  quadruped  capibSra, 
a  name  which  has  as  definite  an  etymology  as  hippopotamus.  vSee  Hald.  Af- 
fixes, p.  264. 

1*  5 


6  PREFACE. 

and  deal-er.  Nor  are  we  told  how  it  happened  that  a 
native  suffix  should  have  been  ready  for  digg-er,  while 

*  beg '  could  not  have  a  similar  derivative  noun  until  the 
supposed  Latin  -ar  came  in. 

Little  would  be  thought  of  a  treatise  on  arithmetic 
from  which  the  pupil  could  not  learn  to  analyse  and  solve 
problems  outside  of  its  pages,  yet,  through  false  expla- 
nations, and  the  absence  of  explanation,  much  of  the  ety- 
mology commonly  offered,  is  of  such  a  character  that  the 
learner  is  likely  to  leave  school  with  a  smattering  which 
will  not  enable  him  to  investigate  the  history  of  words 
outside  of  his  textbook,  or  to  give  a  correct  analysis  of 
many  of  its  examples.  This  is  due  to  the  fact  that  atten- 
tion is  not  directed  to  those  laws  of  speech  which  form 
the  groundwork  of  scientific  (as  distinguished  from  em- 
piric) etymology,  and  the  neglect  of  which  allows  teachers 
and  pupils  to  commit  many  errors.     They  are  told  that 

*  paci-fic-at-ion  '  comes  from  the  later  '  pacify..,'  which  has 
lost  a  c,  as  *  decay..'  has  lost  the  d  of  its  seeming  deriva- 
tive '  de-cad-ence.'  They  are  told  that  con-  becomes  cog- 
in  'cognate'  although  this  is  due  to  Latin  co-gnatus, 
while  'connate'  is  from  a  later  and  shorter  form  con- 
NATUS  (see  under  CO-,  CON-) ;  and  if  the  compilers  are 
pressed  to  explain  why  con-  should  become  cog-  before  n, 
they  have  ready  their  linguistic  hospital  for  incurables 
called  Euphony,  where  such  words  are  placed  as  will  not 
yield  to  their  surgery. 

While  science  simplifies  by  associating  allied  words 
under  a  single  head  common  to  all,  showing  for  example 
that  ignorant  and  unknowing  are  almost  the  same 
word,  the  empiric  does  not  generalise — on  the  contrary, 
he  separates  such  forms,  and  places  rotund  and  its 
derivative  ro..unfl  under  two  "roots;"  and  yolce, 
conjugal,  syzygy  under  three,  notwithstanding  a  form 


PREFACE.      •  7 

of  yoke  appears  in  all,  with  the  common  idea  of  junc- 
tion and  juxtaposition.  If  it  is  legitimate  to  go  so  far 
astray,  we  may  dispense  with  the  study  of  etymology  and 
regard  each  word  as  primitive  and  independent. 

Most  of  the  phases  of  words  which  appear  in  passing 
from  language  to  language  may  be  present  in  a  single 
language,  and  much  of  this  home  material  will  be  found 
in  these  Outlines.  A  few  examples  have  been  taken  from 
distant  sources  to  show  that  these  words  are  subject  to  the 
general  laws  of  etymology,  and  are  not  to  be  treated  as 
primitives  when  we  have  not  the  material  for  their  inves- 
tigation. 

The  object  of  these  pages  is  to  present  the  material 
necessary  to  develop  the  subject,  and  it  has  been  deemed 
sufficient  for  this  purpose,  to  limit  the  chapter  on  Deriva- 
tion to  about  twenty  heads,  selected  to  exhibit  the  range 
of  form,  and  extension  of  idea  to  which  derivative  words 
are  subject.  There  are,  however,  many  additional  stems 
and  derivatives  used  in  illustration,  especially  in  the 
chapter  on  Analysis. 

TO   THE    TEACHER. 

The  pupil  should  be  frequently  examined  in  the  tables  contained  in 
this  volume,  as  they  illustrate  etymologic  laws,  and  contain  useful  in- 
formation about  words.  They  admit  of  several  series  of  questions,  in 
one  of  which  the  words  of  the  first  column  are  intended  to  suggest 
those  of  the  second,  and  in  the  other,  the  latter  must  suggest  the 
former.     Thus — 

Q.  What  is  the  second  form  of  '  later  ?'  Ans.  '  latter.'  Q.  What  is 
the  shorter  form  of  '  balsam  V  Ans.  '  balm.'  In  what  do  they  differ?  <fec. 
In  subsequent  lessons  this  is  to  be  reversed  by  asking  for  the  other  or 
longer  form  of  'balm.'  Sometimes  questions  may  be  taken  at  random 
from  either  column  in  the  same  lesson,  or  even  from  parts  which  have 
not  been  studied.  In  pairs  like  '  flow-ing-flu-ent,'  the  pupil  must  be 
able  to  distinguish  the  foreign  suffix  (-ent)  from  the  indigenous  one 
(-ing) ;  in  triplets  like  '  ball-globe-sphere,'  one  word  must  suggest  the 
remaining  two,  and  the  forms  must  be  distinguished  as  English,  or  as 
\a8ed  on,  or  derived  from,  Latin  and  Greek — because  most  of  the  words 


8  PREFACE. 

from  these  languages  do  not  appear  under  their  original  forms,  but 
have  been  adapted  to  French  and  English  models.  Thus  the  Latin 
form  of  globe  is  globus,  the  Greek  form  of  sphere  sphaira  {at  in  aisle). 
The  French  forms  are  'globe'  and  'sphere'  (e  in  there). 

A  false  explanation  must  never  be  allowed,  even  when  it  is  more 
easily  remembered  than  the  true  one.  As  -fy  of  beauti-fy  (to  give 
beauty,  make  beautiful)  may  be  preceded  by  several  kinds  of  -t,  this 
vowel  must  not  be  got  rid  of  by  feigning  that  the  -i  of  classis  (class) 
in  class-i-fy,  and  the  connective  -i  in  person-i-fy,  are  parts  of  a  pre- 
tended suffix  -ify,  meaning  to  make. 

Anglosaxon  cannot  properly  be  called  either  Old  English,  or  Saxon. 

In  a  word  like  'suspend,'  do  not  call  sua  a  "form  of  8uh,"  or  a  pupil 
might  (and  should)  ask  if  h  can  become  «. 

Speak  of  the  primary  meaning,  not  of  the  literal  meaning  of  words. 

Do  not  define  '  ambition '  as  "  literally,  a  going  round  to  seek  votes ;" 
or  it  will  be  the  duty  of  the  class  to  ask  for  the  parts  which  literally 
represent  seek  and  vote. 


CHAPTER  1.    INTRODUCTION. 

Etymology  treats  of  the  derivation,  structure,  and 
meaning  of  words.  Words  are  signs  of  thought  and 
emotion,  composed  of  vocal  sounds  used  in  the  speech  of 
mankind. 

English  words  are  separable  into  the  two  classes  of 
speech-words  and  book-words.  Speech-words  are  due  to 
the  natural  laws  of  speech  and  hearing.  Book-words  are 
such  as  are  judged  by  sight  from  their  graphic  substitutes 
(their  written  or  printed  representatives),  and  as  the 
powers  of  the  letters  and  combinations  are  in  many  cases 
unknown,  their  forms  are  subject  to  perversion  in  at- 
tempting to  pronounce  them.  This  often  makes  book- 
words  of  speech-words,  as  in  turning  '  engine '  into  '  en- 
gine.'    (See  under  Paropsis.) 

Many  words  of  a  single  syllable  are  derivatives,  as 
'  fife '  from" '  pipe  ;'  '  gild '  from  '  gold ;'  '  yelp '  from  *  yell ;' 
*  smelt '  from  '  melt ;'  '  use '  from  '  ut '  of  ut-il-it-y.  Longer 
words  are  built  up  of  shorter  parts,  which,  in  most  cases, 
can  be  recognised  and  defined,  and  when  we  fail  in  our 
attempts  to  analyse  them,  we  have  no  right  to  conclude 
that  they  are  primitives,  but  on  the  contrary,  we  must 
regard  them  as  probable  derivatives  which  may  yield  to 
future  analysis.  This  view  includes  words  borrowed  from 
little-known  tongues,  such  as  '  ocelot '  from  the  Aztec  of 
Mexico ;  *  ipecacuanha '  from  Brasilian  ;  "  orang'ootan' 
from  Malay ;  '  ginseng '  from  Chinese. 

The  Romans  invaded  Britannia  about  the  year  55  B.C. 
and  held  it  for  nearly  500  years,  or  until  about  a.d.  420. 
During  this  period,  many  Latin  words  were  given  to  the 
native  British  language,  now  known  to  us  as  Welsh. 


10  INTRODUCTION. 

The  Eoman  troops  having  been  withdrawn  to  defend 
their  own  country,  the  next  occupation  was  that  of  Low 
German  tribes,  chiefly  Angles  and  Saxons,  dating  from 
about  the  year  450.  The  dialects  of  these  tribes  produced 
a  Teutonic  language  of  the  Low  German  stock,  the 
"  seng-lisc  "  (Anglish)  or  Anglosaxon,  from  which  English 
is  in  part  derived.  But  the  two  languages  are  more  un- 
like th-an  Latin  and  Italian,  or  Swedish  and  Danish,  and 
an  Anglosaxon  book  is  more  of  a  mystery  to  the  average 
Englishman  than  to  a  Hollander  or  a  German.  In  fact, 
we  have  reason  to  believe  that  an  Anglosaxon  could  not 
even  pronounce  such  characteristic  English  words  as  ship, 
chip,  English,  judge. 

About  596,  a  number  of  ecclesiastics  arrived  under  saint 
Austin,  giving  a  new  impulse  to  a  knoAvledge  of  Latin. 

The  Danes  and  Norwegians  commenced  their  incursions 
about  the  year  787,  and  were  masters  of  England  from 
1013  to  1042. 

In  the  year  1066  the  Normans  invaded  and  conquered 
England,  introducing  Norman  French,  a  language  de- 
rived from  Latin,  and  having  many  affinities  with  lit- 
erary French.* 

Modern  English  is  due  to  a  fusion  of  Anglosaxon 
(Anglish)  and  Norman,  influenced  by  French,  Latin,  and 
Greek,  but  many  languages  have  contributed  words  to 
make  up  its  vocabulary. 

In  many  cases  when  a  word  indicates  a  foreign  object, 
both  belong  to  the  same  country,  as  the  word  and  object 
'tea'  to  China,  and  'kangaroo'  to  Australia;  but  we 
must  be  cautious  in  applying  this  fact,  or  we  might  sup- 
pose 'teapoy'  and  'mandarin'  to  be  Chinese,  but  the 
former  is  Hindoo,  the  latter  is  based  on  Portuguese,  and 

*  Literary  French  is  a  later  form  tlian  Norman,  and  dates  from  the  fifteenth 
century. 


INTRODUCTION.  11 

'pagoda'  on  Persian.  'Sassafras'  and  'calumet'  are 
French  words  indicating  North  American  objects.  In 
a  single  science,  besides  the  native  word  '  reckon,'  Eng- 
lish has  gone  to  Arabic  for  '  cipher/  to  Latin  for  '  cal- 
culate,' '  compute '  or  '  coun..t,'  '  number '  or  '  numerate,' 
and  to  Greek  for  '  arithmetic' 

Factitious  words  are  such  as  *  vibgyor ' — an  acrostic 
formed  to  indicate  the  order  of  the  prismatic  colors — 
violet,  indigo,  blue,  green,  yellow.  Orange,  red. 
Hebrew  grammar  has  several  factitious  mnemonic  words 
formed  out  of  letters  which  have  certain  qualities  in  com- 
mon, and  others  are  sometimes  used  in  treatises  on  logic. 

The  names  of  the  notes  in  music  (such  as  sol,  fa,  mi) 
are  the  initial  syllables  of  words  in  a  Latin  hymn,  and 
singing  with  their  aid  is  called  solfrdug,  or  sol-mi-sation. 

The  names  of  the  Greek  letters  give  us  "Alpha  and 
0-meg'a"  hecfinning  and  end,  irom  the  first  and  last  letter 
of  the  Greek  alphabet;  alphabet  is  formed  of  the 
first  letter  and  the  second, '  beta ;'  gamut  includes  the 
third  letter  '  gamma '  and  the  musical  note  '  ut ;'  delta 
and  deltoid  recal  the  Greek  (a)  triangular  d;  iota, 
the  smallest  letter  (/)  of  the  Greek  alphabet,  corresponds 
with  Hebrew  (^)  '  yod,'  whence  jot ;  laiubdoidal, 
shaped  like  (a)  Greek  I;  laiubdacisni,  improper  use 
of  I,  or  its  mispronunciation;  sigiuoid,  shaped  like 
the  Greek  small  (f)  sigma,  or  Koman  *  S.' 

A  T-square ;  an  I-rail  has  the  top  and  bottom  alike ;  a 
U -magnet ;  the  ivyes  (Y-shaped  supports)  of  an  engin- 
eer's telescope.     The  A-level  was  known  to  the  ancients. 

Alchimists  and  early  physicians  invented  factitious 
words,  often  to  keep  their  discoveries  secret.  Amalgam 
is  an  anagram  of  the  Greek  malagma  (a  plaster).  Para- 
celsus (born  about  1493)  called  mercury  azoth,  and  con- 
structed the  word  opodel'doc. 


12 


CHAPTER  2.    PHONOLOGY. 

Phonology  is  the  science  of  vocal  sounds  as  used  in 
speech.  The  same  sounds  do  not  occur  in  all  languages. 
German  ^  is  not  present  in  French  or  English ;  French 
j  {zh  in  '  azure ')  is  absent  from  German ;  English  th  is 
wanting  in  French  and  German,  where  it  is  commonly 
pronounced  t 

English  and  Greek  have  ih  in  common,  as  heard  in 
ether,  ethics,  panther,  theme,  theory  (which  are  slightly 
varied  from  Greek  originals ;)  and  the  fact  that  we  pro- 
nounce Thomas,  thyme,  tunny,  mint  (the  plant  mentha), 
tisic,  guitar,  acolyte,  with  t,  indicates  that  we  received 
these  words  from  speakers  unacquainted  with  the  proper  th. 

But  asthma  (=  astma),  isthmus,  Esther  (=  ester),  t'other 
(the  other),  are  due  to  the  English  dislike  of  two  such 
aspirates  in  the  same  syllable  (causing  dissimilation),  and 
for  a  like  reason,  j[>1i  has  become  p  in  *  diphthong ' — 

My  doleful!  dipthongs  were  my  lifes*  defpaires,  Drayton,  1605. 

In  amaranth,  hypothenuse,  prothonotary,  zSn'ith,  th 
stands  for  an  earlier  t,  and  '  Bosphorus '  is  for  '  Bosporus.' 

Even  when  the  same  sounds  are  common  to  several 
languages,  they  may  occur  in  such  positions  in  one  of 
them  as  to  render  the  combinations  unpronounceable  in 
another,  as  ct  in  act,  pt  in  apt,  ps  in  lapse,  which  become 
difficult  to  English  organs  when  initial,  as  in  the  Greek 
names — Ctesias,  Ptolemy,  Psyche. 

*  Observe  that  the  later  mode  of  writing  'life's'  with  the  mark  indicating 
an  absent  letter,  was  not  in  use  in  the  older  English. 


PHONOLOGY.  13 

On  account  of  such  difficulties,  borrowed  words  are 
adapted  to  the  speech  habits  of  the  borrowing  nation; 
unusual  combinations  are  modified;  difficult  sounds  are 
replaced  by  such  as  the  vocal  organs  are  accustomed  to 
produce,  or  they  cease  to  be  used.* 

The  changes  to  which  words  are  subject  are  sometimes 
accidental,  but  in  most  cases  they  are  due  to  definite  laws 
of  speech,  and  when  one  sound  takes  the  place  of  another, 
the  two  are  in  many  cases  made  "vvith  nearly  the  same 
position  of  the  organs,  as  d  and  t  in  bless-ed,  bles-t ;  t,  c?, 
th,  in  gir-t,  gir-d,  gir-th ;  /,  v,  in  proof-prove ;  or  the  slight 
variation  of  vowel  sounds  in  tale-tell ;  seat-sit ;  cag-keg. 
We  learn  from  such  facts  that 

An  acquaintance  with  the  vocal  sounds  and  with  their 
mutual  relations,  constitutes  the  first  step  in  the  study  of 
etymology. 

The  elements  of  speech  are  separable  into  voivels  and 
consonants,  and  when  these  names  are  mentioned,  vocal 
sounds  are  meant,  and  not  alphabetic  letters. 

Vowels  may  be  pronounced  slowly  or  quickly,  whence 
they  are  styled  long  or  short,  as  in  the  pairs  arm  art ; 
naught  not ;  owe  o-bey ;  rule  full ;  weigh  (or  way) 
weight  (or  wait)  ;  marine  (or  seen)  deceit ;  there  merry. 

The  vowels  of  *  there  *  and  '  ask '  are  not  used  in  some  places.  The 
short  vowels  heard  in  *it'  and  'fat'  are  never  long  in  good  English. 
Long  vowels  are  often  indicated  as  in  'arm*  and  short  ones  in  '  art.* 

According  to  the  Greeks  and  Eomans,  the  most  noble 
of  the  vowels  is  that  of  'Arm ' — Italian  *  a ' — made  with 
the  mouth  well  opened,  as  described  by  the  ancient  gram- 
marians.    Closing  the  mouth  from  this  Ah  towards  the 

*  The  broken  English  of  a  Frenchman  is  not  that  of  a  German,  a  Chinese, 
or  a  Cherokee.  In  a  book  of  "  facts  "  (Cincinnati,  1874),  the  pretended  broken 
English  of  a  Cherokee  ghost  appears,  in  which  the  Narragansett  words  squaw 
and  papoose  are  given  without  a  balk,  although  sq  (sk)  do  not  occur  thus 
together,  nor  does  ^  or  6  exist  in  the  language. 
2 


14  PHONOLOGY. 

lips,  we  get  the  vowel  O,  then  oo  in  'rlJle;'  closing 
towards  the   throat,  we  get  those   of  *  wEigh '  and  of 

*  machine.'  These  constitute  the  five  Latin  vowels,  and 
when  spoken  of  as  Latin  (German,  Spanish),  these 
powers  constitute  their  names,  namely — oo^  o,  ah,  eigh, 
ee,  as  in  the  following  table  of  the  affinities  of  the  five 
primary  vowels,  to  which  some  languages  are  restricted. 

A 
O  E 

U  I   ^ 

00       0       ah      ay      ee. 

This  vowel  scale  should  be  run  with  the  voice  in  both  directions, 
until  it  is  thoroughly  known.  The  place  of  French  *u'  (German  '  ii,' 
Anglosaxon  and  Danish  'y,'  Greek  v)  is  between  U  (oo)  and  I  (ee),  and 
German  'o'  (French  *eu')  comes  between  0  and  E  (ay). 

The  English  vowels  are  heard  in  pull,  pool  (French 

*  ou,'  German  '  u '),  ode,  odd,  aived  (between  ode  and 
arm),  arm,  up,  ask,  add,  there,  them,  pity,  field. 

When  the  vowels  of  pull  and  of  field  are  closed  upon, 
the  former  becomes  the  labial  liquid  consonant  of  woo, 
and  the  latter  the  guttural  liquid  of  ye.  They  may  be 
closed  so  slightly  as  to  be  mistaken  for  vowels,  as  in  owl, 
out ;  boy,  oil ;  aisle ;  buoy  (properly  boo-y),  where  they 
are  coalescents.  They  are  joined  to  vowels,  with  which 
they  make  single  syllables.  If  they  were  themselves 
vowels  they  would  add  a  syllable,  as  in  going  from  '  cloy' 
with  one  vowel,  to  *  claw-y '  with  two  vowels. 

What  is  commonly  called  a  dipthong  (or  diphthong)  is 
a  coalescent  preceded  by  an  added  (an  epenthetic)  vowel 
which  is  inserted  to  make  it  pronounceable,  as  in  'cow,' 
which  could  not  arise  from  Anglosaxon  *  cu '  (pronounced 

*  coo ')  by  closing  its  oo  vowel  towards  w,  without  inter- 
posing a  vowel. 


PHONOLOGY.  15 

In  general,  although  dipthongs  may  turn  to  vowels  by 
losing  an  element,  vowels  are  older  than  dipthongs ;  hence, 
the  verb  'live'  is  older  than  the  adjective  'live,'  the 
second  o  of  '  coronal '  is  older  than  ow  in  '  crown,'  and 
'  genteel '  in  its  modern  spelling,  is  older  than  '  gentile.' 

Consonants  are  voiced  (or  sonant) ;  and  voiceless  (or 
surd) — 

Voiced      w,    m,b,  v;  1,11, d,dh ('then');  r,z;zh;  y,ng, gay. 

Voiceless  wh, ..    p,f;..   ..    t,  th  ('thin ')  ;  ..  s  ;  sh;  ..     ..     k;     h. 

The  liquids— w,  1,  r,  y,  are  made  with  the  mouth 
organs  about  half  closed. 

The  mutes  have  the  mouth  organs  nearly  or  entirely 
closed.  They  include  the  spirants  or  voiced  aspirates — 
V,  dli,  z,  zli,  (and  i  in  '  soldier '  when  not  pronounced 
'soldjer') — and  the  aspirates  or  voiceless  continuants — 
wll,  f,  til,  S,  sh,  li — the  last  being  a  laryngal. 

The  initial  of  'hew'  (yh-y-oo)  belongs  here,  and  also  the  sound  fol- 
lowing t  in  'courtier'  when  it  is  not  pronounced  with  uli. 

The  nasals  or  nasal  mutes  are  in,  ii,  ng, — m  being 
a  nasal  b,  n  a  nasal  d,  eng  a  nasal  gay. 

The  voiced  abrupt  mutes  b,  d,  gay,  can  be  sounded 
alone.  The  voiceless  abrupt  mutes  p,  t.  It,  cannot  be 
sounded  alone,  as  those  pretend  who,  for  detached  p,  t,  h, 
givep'h  in  'haphazard,'  tli  in  'at  hand,'  and  k'h  in  'pack- 
horse.' 

Voice  is  due  to  the  vocal  ligaments,  which  are  situated  one  on  each 
side  of  a  narrow  fissure.  When  at  rest,  as  in  breathing,  or  in  making 
voiceless  consonants,  these  ligaments  stand  apart  posteriorly,  leaving  a 
somewhat  triangular  opening;  but  when  voice  is  wanted,  they  are 
brought  nearly  together  in  a  parallel  position,  when  the  passing  breath 
causes  them  to  sound,  as  the  reed  of  a  clarinet  is  sounded.  The  sing- 
ing voice  requires  a  narrower  aperture  than  the  speech  voice.  In  a 
succession  like  titltatl,  the  ligaments  must  separate  for  every  t  and  close 
for  I  and  the  vowels,  and  in  rapid  speech  there  may  be  sixteen  motions 
or  changes  in  a  second  of  time. 


16  PHONOLOGY. 

In  *  duty-duteous '  there  is  no  change  of  *  y '  to  '  e/  but 
the  reverse,  the  e  (of  they)  in  old  English  *  du'te '  (=  doo- 
tay)  having  been  preserved  in  spelling  *  duteous/  and 
replaced  with  the  later  'y'  and  *  i '  in  spelling  *  duty '  and 
•  dutiful.' 

There  is  no  interchange  of '  e '  and  '  i '  in  *  bile-bilious/ 
the  *  e '  being  a  mark  to  show  that  the  word  is  no  longer 
'bir  but  ^  bile.' 

In  *  stable-stabir(ity),'  there  is  no  addition  of  i,  because 
the  accent  on  bil'  caused  it  to  retain  the  vowel  which 
'  sta'ble '  has  lost ;  and  '  tabulate '  preserves  the  u  which 
has  disappeared  from  '  tab..le.' 


ETYMOLOGIC   CHART. 


cAr 

aiv      earth 

OX 

ax 

o 

ell 

ooze 

ale 

full 

eel,  ill 

out 

aisle 

"wav 

1 

r        soldier            yay 

b,v 

(l,<lll 

z             zli              gay 

P.f 

t,tll 

S              sli         l£,cay. 

in 

n 

eng 

Labials, 

dentals, 

sigmals,       palatals,       gutturals. 

17 


CHAPTER  3.    MORPHOLOGY. 

Morphology  is  the  science  of  (Gr.  morplie')  form,  and 
is  here  applied  to  the  forms  of  words  as  developed  by  the 
various  kinds  of  mutation,  and  other  causes  to  be  ex- 
plained as  we  proceed.  Mutation  is  the  replacement  or 
substitution  of  elements,  and  when  the  change  occurs 
between  vowels,  we  may  term  it 

INTERMUTATION. 

We  have  examples  of  intermutation  in  the  following 
pairs  of  allied  words — 

cat  kitten  share  shear  sane  sanity 

clench  clinch  scam  skim  antique  antiquity 

literal  letter  mode  mood  gleam  glimmer 

they  them  flow  fluid  gold  gild 

PERMUTATION. 

Permutation  is  the  mutation  or  interchange  of  conso- 
nants of  the  same  contact,  including  allied  vowels,  as  in 
those  of  the  lip  contact,  which  produces  the 

Labials — b,  v,  p,  f,  pli,  in,  w,  wli — u,  oo, 

ab-sorb  ab-sorption  de-ceptive  de-ceive  Jacobus  Ja..mes 

brevity  briefness  du-plie-ate  dou-ble  liberate  de-liver 

bursar  purser  febrile  feverish  lieu  leftenant* 

cheapen  chaffer  folk  vulg-ar  lip  labial  [ous 

clavicle  clef  half  halve  mischief  mischiev- 

crab  crawf-ish  imbibe  beverage  con-nubial  nuptial 

cupidity  covetousness  in-cub-ate  cov-ey  pauper  poverty 

de-clivity  cliff  »  ?o^;ey  is  a  brood  of  birds  ^ip  dive 

•'  of  the  same  in-cub-at-ion.  *^ 

*  In  'lieutenant '  the  old  '  u'  as  d  would  become /before  t,  as  in  'leave-left.' 

Formerly  '  bi  leue '  represented  both  believe  and  belief. 

Euen,         neuly,         neuer,         feuer,         relieu'd,         yuel,  were 

read  even,         newly,         never,         fever,         relieved,         evil, 

and  eu  of  'euphony'  became  ev  in  'evangelist.'     Drayton  (edition  of  1613) 

has  'unrelieved'  in  the  line— 

And  V  n  re  1  i  eu'd  may  wander  where  fhe  will. 

2*  B 


18 


MORPHOLOGY. 


phantom  fantasy 
pick  bicker 
pipe  fife 
rabid  rave 
rap -in  e  rav-age 
recipient  receiver 
rob  rove  be-ref-t 


revolve  revolution 
sapid  savory 
separate  sever 
serve  serf 
slobber  slav'er 
soluble  solvable 
stipe  stub 


staff  stave 
sup-erior  sove-ran 
triple  treble 
verbena  vervain 
wine  vinous 
winnow  fan 
whiz  f  iz 


cannab-ine  can..v-as  hem*p 
drip  dribble  drivel 
plate  blade  flat 
probe  prove  proof 


scurf  scurvy  scorbutic 
scribe  scrivener  script 
tripod  trivet  three-foot 
web  weave  woof 


Dentals— 1,  d,  t,  dh,  tli,  n. 

baluster  banister  faith  fidelity  mind  mental 

blessed  bles..t  father  paternal  node  Z-not 

burden  burthen  float  flood  tenuity  thinness 

ed'ible  eatable  gird  girth  girt  three  trey 


Sigmals — r^  fS,  z,  as  in  query  quiz  question 

chair  chaise  Etrurian  Etruscan 

advice  advise  hurra  huzza 


Sign  resign 
this  these 


Gutturals— y,  gay,  gli.  It,  cay,  eh  ( 

legal  loyal  aquil-ine  eagle 

crypt  grotto  acrid  eager 

dig  dike  sec-tion  seg-ment 

trac-tion  drag  pig-ment  pic-ture 

click  clang  gar-den  yard 


d^  and  k),  ng. 

chol-er  gall  yell-ow  (p.  90) 

lake  lag-oon  loc^ 

ocul-ar  og..le  eye 

reg-nant  roy-al  rec-tor 

peg  peck  pique  peak  pick  pike 


In  proof-prove,  and  similar  forms,  a  voiceless  (surd) 
consonant  indicates  a  noun  or  adjective,  and  a  voiced 
(sonant)  one  a  verb,  as  in — 


abuse  n.  abuse  v. 
advice  advise 
belief  believe 
brass  braze 
breath  breathe 
choice  choose 
close  close 
cloth  clothe 


descent  descend 
diffuse  diS"use 
excuse  excuse 
fros-t  freeze 
gilt  gild 
glass  glaze 
grass  graze 
grease  grease 


grip  grab 
half  halve 
house  house 
life  live 
loath  a.  loathe 
loss  lose 
mouth  mouthe 
peace  ap-pease 


MORPHOLOGY. 


19 


portent  portend 
pur'pose  propose' 
refuse  refuse' 
relief  relieve 
rent  n.  rend 


reproof  reprove 
safe  save 
sheaf  sheave 
shelf  shelve 
teeth  teethe 


tenth  ti..the 
thief  thieve 
troth  betrothe 
use  use 
wreath  wreathe 


TRANSMUTATION 

is  the  passing  of  consonants  from  one  contact  to  another. 
The  end  and  middle  of  the  tongue  being  employed  in 
making  the  dentals,  sigmals,  and  palatals, 


t'Sll 


1,11 

a 


Zll 


d-zli 


these  lingual  elements  are  readily  interchanged,  as  in — 

alkanet  arkanet  capital  chapter  has  hath 

peregrine  pil..grim         wit  wisdom  sloop  shallop 

gross  great  Shetland  Zetland  zealous  jealous 

rose  rhodium  pulse  pu..sh  benzoin  benjamin 

cartouch  (sh)  cartridge  zircon  jargon 


Nipon  Japan 


Formation  of  t-sli. 
The  base  of  the  tongue  is  less  flexible  and  has  less 
room  than  the  outer  portion,  and  being  particularly 
crowded  by  the  narrow  throat  aperture  required  by  the 
vowels  of  thee,  thin,  e^g,  veil  or  vale  (however  written), 
there  is  a  tendency  to  force  the  gutturals  toward  the 
middle  mouth.  This  action  turned  'cool'  into  'chill' 
when  it  took  the  narrow  vowel;  old  English  *yerk' 
became  'jerk ;'  Augl.  '  cinn '  (=  kin)  became  '  chin ;'  old 
French  'gay'  (a  bird)  became  English  'jay' — which  has 
the  narrow  vowel  of  they ;  and  the  spelling  of  "  gaol " 
could  not  prevent  it  from  becoming  jail. 


20<  MORPHOLOGY. 

Anglosaxon  'c'  (^cay)  was  h  before  all  the  vowels.  It 
remains  in  many  English  words,  such  as  *  cetel '  kettle — 

baecere  baker  cancer  canker  macian  make 

cind  kind,  {sort)  cing  king  sicel  sickle 

Anglosaxon  cay  became  Norman  tshay  in  some  English 
words,  as  in — 

calc  chalk  cidan  chide  cist  chest 

ceaf  chaff  cild  child  ^no  finch 

The  mutation  of  cay  to  an  s-sound  is  due  chiefly  to 
French,  and  is  present  in  many  book-words,  as  in  the 
second  of  the  pairs — 

critic  criticise  practic  practice  nocuous  nocent 

crocus  croceous  rank  rancid  deduct  deduce 

Cay  may  remain  pure  in  words  derived  from  Latin,  or 
it  may  be  partially  displaced  by  Norman  tshay ;  and  as  a 
result,  English  has  been  enriched  with  double  forms  like — 

arc  arch  captain  chieftain         canal'  chan'nel 

calyx  chalice  car-t  chariot  portico  porch 

Formerly  (owing  to  Norman  influence)  this  mutation 
arose  in  English  words,  as  in — 

bank  bench  deck  thatch  hook  hitch 

cool  chill  flake  flitch  market  merchant 

Such  pairs  start  as  synonyms,  but  in  time  the  forms  acquire  different 
meanings,  when  it  may  happen  that  the  older  form  does  not  retain  the 
older  idea,  as  it  does  in  'bank-bench' — banks  as  of  earth  being  older 
than  benches  made  of  wood.  In  'book-beech,'  although  books  are  so 
named  because  they  were  made  of  thin  flakes  of  beech,  the  newer  idea 
of  a  book  became  associated  with  the  older  vocable,  while  the  newer 
word  became  the  representative  of  the  tree.  In  Anglosaxon,  '  boc  '  was 
both  beech  and  book,  but,  as  a  tree,  there  was  a  second  form  (bece) 
which  resulted  in  the  modern  '  beech.' 

This  mutation  may  indicate  a  change  of  verbs  to  nouns, 
but  some  of  both  forms  may  be  used  in  both  senses,  as  in — 

bake  batch  break  breach  speak  speech 

blank  blanch  take  touch  wake  watch 


MORPHOLOGY.  21 

Latin  *c'  {cay)  became  French  *  eh'  with  the  power  of 
es^  as  heard  in — chaise,  charade,  charlatan,  chateau, 
machine    (derived    from    Greek) — but  the    A;-sound    in 

*  machinate '  points  it  out  as  a  book-word. 

We  may  have  three  such  forms,  according  to  their 
source.  The  first  preserves  the  Latin  cay,  the  second  has 
Norman  fe/tay  (in  chip),  and  the  third  and  latest  has 
French  *  ch '  (es^)  in  *  machine.'  (See  Norman  and  French 
examples  in  the  Appendix.) 

k  tsh  ah  k  ish  ah 

Caroline  Charles       Charlotte  capital   chaplet    chapeau 

camp        champion  champaign  cast-le    Chest-er  cha..t-eau 

candle      chandler    chandelier  cavalier  chivalry  chevalier 

Formation  of  d-zli. 
As  tshay  stands  to  cay,  dzhay  stands  to  gay, 
and  may  arise  from  any  of  the  guttural  consonants,  in- 
cluding the  allied  vowels  of  ale,  ill,  eel,  but  these  must 
first  pass  through  yay  (English  *  y,'  Latin  and  German 

*  J,'  yota,  yod,)  which  accounts  for  the  letter  '  J  '  being  an 
English  representative  of  dzhay. 

extraneous  strange      hyacinth*  jacinth     ex-coriate  s-courge 
gaff  javelin  hang  hinge  mayor  major 

gibber-ish  jabber  drag  dredge  target  targe 

In  the  following,  d-zh  arises  from  a  ^-sound,  and  t-sh 
from  a  ^a^-sound — 

bark  barge  bulk  bulge  Pergamus  parchment 

duke  doge  crook  cringe  rank  range 

Some  nations  find  the  concurrence  of  three  vowels  in- 
convenient, and  when  such  sounds  are  brought  together 
by  the  loss  of  an  intermediate  consonant,  if  the  middle 
vowel  of  the  three  happens  to  be  *i'  or  *e,'  it  passes 

*  Here,  if  hy-  had  been  pronounced  high,  as  in  the  modern  word,  the 
change  to  jas'inth  could  not  have  occurred. 


22"  MORPHOLOGY. 

througli  the  guttural  semivowel  yay  to  dzhaj.  Thus  in 
dropping  v  from  abbreviate  we  get  (abbreviate,  abrey- 
ate,)  abridge.  The  loss  of  v  from  cliluvi(al)  gave 
delu..ge ;  p  dropped  from  sapi-ent  (wise)  left  sa..ge ;  Iv 
from  salvia  (the  plant)  left  a  different  sa..ge ;  the  loss 
of  up  from  old  French  pipion  turned  it  into  pigeon ;  and 
GOBi-o  (genitive  case  gobion-is,)  the  Latin  name  of  a 
fish,  has  given  both  '  goby '  and  *  gudgeon.' 
Dzh  may  arise  from  di  through  dy,  as  in — 

diurnal  journal  vindicate  venge-ance  Cambodia  gamboge 

Formation  of  esli  and  zliay. 

English  esh  is  mostly  due  to  s-k,  the  k  being  palatalised 
(brought  up  to  the  arch  of  the  palate)  by  the  influence 
of  s.  That  is,  as  esh  is  formed  with  a  part  of  the  tongue 
lying  between  the  points  where  s  and  k  are  made  [see  the 
chart],  instead  of  taking  them  in  succession,  the  tongue 
falls  between  them,  as  in — 

disc  dish  scale  shale  )  scuffle  shuffle 

fresco  fresh  skull  shell  /  skiflF  ship 

scatter  shatter  scoop  shov-el  skipper  shipper 

The  esh  soimd  is  also  due  to  yay  (mostly  from  i,  e, 
and  the  y  of  *  u '  or  yoo)  drawn  to  the  palatal  position 
by  a  ^  or  an  s-sound,  as  in  notion,  pension,  vicious 
(=vish-us),  ocean  (=osh-an)  where  the  esA-sound  is  due 
to  the  *e'  of  oceanic  (=  o-se-an-ic).  The  y  ofyoo  becomes 
the  esh  heard  in  '  pressure '  (=  presh-ur)  and  the  zh  in 
*  casual '  (=  cazh-oo-al).* 

The  neglect  of  the  t  in  *ostiar'  (of  ostiar-y)  leaves 
oS..iar,  in  which  departing  s  draws  forward  and  trans- 

*  In  all  these  cases,  It  is  improper  to  say  that  'c,'  't,'  '  s,'  before  '1'  or  'e,' 
"and  another  vowel,  have  the  power  of  sh,"  for  being  themselves  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  sh,'i'  and  '  e '  do  not  represent  vowels  at  the  same  time. 


MORPHOLOGY.  23 

mutes  the  vowel  i  into  esh,  leaving  its  place  vacant  before 
a,  so  that  a  new  form  '  usher '  results,  in  this  manner — 

OST-IAKy 
O  S  ..  1  A  R 


e   r 


As  the  1  of  Latin  rat-i-o  reason  (genitive  case  ratiox-is) 
is  drsiwii  forward  to  form  e^^  in  '  rational '  (=  rash-onal), 
and  the  t  of  the  same  word  is  drawn  bach  to  the  s-position 
in  *  reason,'  it  is  evident  that  there  is  no  mutation  here  of 
8  in  '  reason '  and  esh  in  '  rational.'  Their  relation  to  the 
Latin  stem  ration-  (with  true  t)  may  be  shown  thus — 

RA  T — ION 

r   a  .. ..  sh..  0  n  al 
r  ea  ..  s  .. ..  o  n 

where  T  falls  back  and  becomes  s,  while  1  falls  forward 
to  become  esh, 

Imitatives. 

In  general,  imitative  sounds  are  not  intended  to  be 
exact  copies,  but  allied  forms  adapted  to  human  speech, 
as  'buzz,'  in  which  b  and  a  vowel  are  added  to  the  z 
which  is  imitated.     AV"e  have  examples  in 

click  clack  clock  gag  giggle  hiss  hush  hum  humble-bee  (bumble-bee  is 
Scotch)  boom  hubbub  bubble  mumble  mutter  myow  (Ger.  miau)  peewee 
puff  rattle  rush  tattoo  tinkle  whipperwill  whisper  whiz  whistle  toucan 

Reduplication. 
Reduplicate  words  are  formed  of  repetitions  of  sound, 
as  in  murmur,  singsong,  chitchat,  hurdigurdy,  teetotal. 

Alliteration 
is  the  repetition  of  an  element,  as  r  in  '  trowsers '  fi-om 
old  English  '  trouses,'  the  r  of  which  suggested  its  repe- 
tition. 


24 


MORPHOLOGY. 


Dimorphism. 
In  the  course  of  time  a  word  may  appear  under  two 
forms,  a  result  which  is  on  this  account  named  di-morph- 
ism,  but  the  term  is  not  necessary,  because  such  forms 
may  be  more  than  two,  as  metal-mettle-medal,  and  many 
of  them  occur  under  other  heads,  such  as  Mutation  (as 
in  sip-sup-sop-soup,  peak-beak,)  and  Par'esis  (as  in  his- 
tory-story).    We  have  examples  of  dimorphism  in — 


adamant  diamond 
admittible  admissible 
assay  essay 
ballad  ballet 
base  basis 
beckon  beacon 

born  borne 
calyx  chalice 
canker  cancer 
card  chart 
carmine  crimson 
cave  cove 

chicory  succory 

clot  clod 

contagious  contiguous 

complement  compliment     later  latter 


etiquette  ticket 
feeble  foible 
flee  fly 
font  fount 
freight  fraught 
genteel  gentle 

granite  garnet 
gullet  gully 
hale  heal 
hedge  haw 
holyday  holiday 
huge  high 

hu'man  humane' 
incessant  unceasing 
infract  infringe 


convey  convoy 
corsair  courser 

covered  covert 
crate  grate 
crocodile  cockatrice 

a  large         a  fabulous 
reptile.  being. 

cud  quid 
custom  costume 

devote  devout 
dilate  delay 
disk  dish 
drag'on  dragoon' 
dungeon  donjon 
ed'ible  eatable 


legal  loyal 
levator  lifter 

lev'y  lev'ee 
liquor  liqueur 
mayor  major 
memory  memoir 
minute  minuet 
mode  mood 

obeisant  obedient 
ofiF  of 

oration  orison 
patron  pattern       [ble 
perceptible    perceiva- 
person  parson 


plan  plain 
pistil  pestle 
portico  porch 
potion  poison 
probable  provable 
prune  plum 

pungent  poignant 
rap'ine      ravine 

seizure ;     a  gorge  formed 
violence.       by  violence. 

ratio  ration 
ration  reason 
rectangle  rightangle 

regal  royal 
remit  remiss 
rod  rood 
resin  rosin 
sane  sound 
scallion  shallot 

statue  statute 
suit  suite 
taste  test 
sequent  second 
then  than 
ti..ed  ti^r^t 

urban  urbane 
wake-ful  watch-ful 
walk  waltz 
ward  guard 
warden  guardian 
zealous  jealous 


MORPHOLOGY. 


25 


Accent  makes  the  difference  between — 


antic  antique 
critic  critique 
relic  relique 


con'jure  conjure' 
des'ert  desert' 
diifer  defer' 


di'vers  diverse' 
Latin  lateen' 
min'ute  minute' 


The  same  word  has  different  spellings  in- 


bark  barque 
champagne  champaign 
draught  draft 


flour"  flower 
mantle  mantel 
metre  meter 


plane  plain 
rough  ruflf 
sailor  sailer 


*  Immortal  Amarant,  a  Flour  which  once 
In  Paradife,  faft  by  the  Tree  of  Life 
Began  to  bloom,  Milton,  Par.  Loft  ed.  1678,  bk  3, 


353. 


26 


CHAPTER  4.     SYNTHESIS. 

The  synthesis  (Greek  thesis  a  placing,  syn  together, ^^  of 
words,  is  a  placing  together  and  arrangement  of  the  parts 
which  compose  them. 

Compound  words  are  such  as  are  made  of  two  or 
more  integral*  or  entire  words,  but  they  are  not  always 
separable  from  other  derivatives.  In  most  cases  the  final 
portion  is  the  principal  word  which  the  earlier  part  de- 
fines. The  parts  of  many  compounds  are  easily  recog- 
nised, as  in  handloomweaver,  welfare,  farewell — 


almshouse 

hearsay 

overhear 

stronghold 

waylay 

barefoot 

heartsease 

rainbow 

threadbare 

welcome 

blackbird 

homespun 

sandpaper 

timepiece 

wildgoose 

carthorse 

horseman 

sandpiper 

undercurrent 

whirlwind 

gadabout 

hourglass 

seagull 

vineyard 

woodcut 

grapeshot 

necklace 

selfacting 

warehouse 

windmill 

hailstorm 

overboard 

sideboard 

waterproof 

millwork 

In  other  cases  their  composition  and  actual  meaning 

are  less  obvious,  as  in — 

brimistone,  from  old  English  '  brinnen '  to  burn. 

blockhouse  (Ger.  'block'  a  log,)  a  log  fort. 

eyesore  something  offensive  to  the  sight. 

f  lii*loiig'9  originally,  the  length  of  a  furrow. 

qiiag^oiire  an  unsteady,  quaking,  miry  bog. 

gawgivay  a  passage  way, — from  Angl.  *gang'  a  going. 

liartslioni  a  preparation  of  ammonia,  formerly  pro- 
cured from  the  horns  of  the  hart  or  stas;. 


*  Commonly  called  simple,  but  in  'grasshopper,'  while  'hopper'  is  an  integ- 
ral word,  it  is  not  simple. 


SYNTHESLS.  27 

liawtliOMl  a  liedge-thorn, — Angl.  'haga'  hedge,  haw. 
lodestar  (Augl.  'Idd'  a  ivay,  a  voyage;    'ladman'  a 

leader,  a  pilot,)  the  polestar,  from  guiding. 
redstart  a  bird  with  a  red  (Dut.  staart)  tail. 
nostrils  old  Eng.  '  nose-thirles/  '  nosthrils/  from  thirl, 

thrill  to  bore. 
stepsoii  (Angl.  'stepan'  to  bereave,)  a  son  who  has 

lost  a  parent  and  acquired  another  by  the  marriage  of 

the  remaining  parent. 
ivalriis    German   *  walross '   ivhale-horse ;    Anglosaxon 

'  hors-hwxl '  (se.  in  at,  '  v '  as  vo)  horse-whale. 
iviiicirall  fruit  or  branches  thrown  down  by  the  wind ; 

hence,  an  unexpected  advantage. 

In  a  word  like  'idolatry,'  composed  of  'idol,'  and 
•-latry '  (worship) — as  speech  is  without  hyphens,  we  can- 
not indicate  the  parts  on  the  blackboard  either  as  ido-latry 
or  idol-atry,  because  the  two  Vs  of  the  Greek  original 
(Sidololatr^ia)  are  represented  by  a  single  I  to  which 
both  parts  have  a  claim,  but  as  the  accent  of  idol'atry 
would  tend  to  preserve  the  first  I,  it  is  rather  the  second 
which  has  been  neglected,  and  we  may  represent  the  word 
by  "  idol-..atry,"  where  the  dot^  indicate  the  neglected  I. 

Development  of  Meanings. 

As  there  are  fewer  words  than  ideas,  they  are  often 
used  to  represent  wide  ranges  of  meaning,  both  in  their 
in'tegral  and  in  their  compound  forms.  If  therefore  we 
limit  the  definition  of  a  stem  or  a  word  to  its  primary 
idea,  its  connection  with  its  derivatives  may  seem  doubt- 
ful, and  on  this  account  a  sufficient  number  of  meanings 
must  be  cited  to  show  the  successive  steps. 

Among  the  English  derivatives  of  Latin  put- are  we 
find  '  am-put-ate '  to  cut  (am-)  around,  to  cut  off;  '  com- 


28  SYNTHESIS. 

pute'  to  count;  're-pute'  to  think,  to  hold  in  the  mind. 
Eeferring  to  put-are  in  the  dictionary,  we  find  that  it 
means  to  clean;  to  trim, prune,  lop,  as  vines  ;  hence,  (from 
the  idea  of  keeping  vines  in  order)  to  arrange,  adjust :  to 
adjust  accoiints,  reckon,  compute ;  to  think  over,  suppose;  to 
judge,  form  an  opinion. 

By  such  extensions,  poxd-us  (a  weight,  gen.  ponderis.) 
gives  PONDER-ARE  to  weigh  ;  to  weigh  in  the  mind,  whence 
'  ponder ;'  and  libra  (a  level,  a  pair  of  scales)  suggested 
the  mental  process  of  '  deliberation.' 

Hence,  to  'ponder'  is  to  think  over  a  subject  without  the  test  of  a 
proper  experiment,  while  to  'deliberate'  implies  an  accuracy  like  that 
which  results  from  the  use  of  a  pair  of  scales. 

An  error  is  sometimes  made  in  defining  *  conspirators ' 
as  those  who  breathe  (con-)  together ;  but  spir-are  means 
to  blow  as  well  as  to  breathe,  and  on  taking  the  prefix, 
CONSPIRARE  drops  the  idea  of  breathing,  and  means  to 
blow  together,  as  a  band  of  trumpeters ;  next,  in  natural 
order,  to  harmonise,  to  be  in  accord  ;  afterwards,  to  accord 
in  sentiment;  finally,  to  plot,  conspire,  form  a  conspiracy. 
Spirare  also  means  to  exhale,  whence  *  perspire.' 

Originally,  when  nerves  and  sinews  were  not  distin- 
guished, NERV-us  meant  sinew,  nerve,  guitar-string ;  and 
figuratively,  force,  vigor,  energy,  whence  'nervous'  in 
the  sense  of  vigorous;  but  as  the  nerves  (in  their  re- 
stricted sense)  are  connected  with  sensation,  timid  people 
are  said  to  have  "weak  nerves,"  to  be  "nervous,"  and  to 
"  lack  nerve."  A  nervous  man  cannot  make  a  nervous 
speech. 

Words  like  'mythology'  (mythos /a5/e,  -log-ia  science,) 
are  often  referred  to  'logos'  [word,  speech,  discourse,) 
which  leads  the  student  to  the  false  inference  that  -os  of 
'logos'  became  -y  in  ' mytholog-y,'  and  that  this  word  is 
*  mythologos '  in  Greek ;  but  when  the  two  parts  are  thus 


SYNTHESIS.  29 

conjoined,  a  new  meaning  results,  in  which  -logos  repre- 
sents the  person,  for  '  mythologos  '  means  mythologist,  and 
his  study  takes  the  form  of  'mytholog^ia,'  of  which  the 
formative  i  readily  falls  into  final  English  -y. 

Hibridity. 

Hibridity  is  the  union  in  a  single  word,  of  parts  taken 
from  more  than  one  language.  In  most  cultivated  lan- 
guages this  is  regarded  as  a  fault,  but  from  the  mixed 
nature  of  English,  it  cannot  be  entirely  avoided. 

'  Ail-ment,'  '  talk-ative,'  and  '  whims-ic-al '  are  English, 
with  Latiu  sufiixes :  *  companion-ship '  (for  fellowship) 
and  '  venture-some '  (for  adventurous)  are  varied  from 
Latin,  and  have  English  suffixes :  '  pyro-lignic '  is  Greek 
and  Latin :  ^martyr-dom'  is  Greek  and  English:  'scholar- 
ship '  is  Greek,  Latin,  and  English. 

Eduction  and  Absorption. 
As  m  is  a  nasal  b,  if  its  nasality  be  stopped  too  soon, 
mb  will  result,  which  accounts  for  the  difference  between 
*  nuiller-ous '  and  '  number ;'  '  humility '  and  '  humble,' 
where  b  is  educed  from  m.  '  Spin-er '  (spinner)  acquired 
an  educed  d  from  n,  which  was  afterwards  absorbed  by 
the  d,  leaving  '  spi..der '  of  which  the  first  syllable  was 
lengthened  as  a  compensation  for  the  loss  of  n. 

Epenthesis 
is  the  addition  of  elements,  chiefly  to  facilitate  pronuncia- 
tion. It  adds  an  element  which  turns  *  special'  into 
'especial'  and  'coaler'  into  'collier.'  Such  epenthetic  ad- 
ditions are  at  first  meaningless,  but  they  may  become 
significant,  as  in  marking  the  difference  between  the  pairs 

state  e-state         squire  e-squire         scutcheon  e-scutcheon         spy  e-spy 
3* 


30  SYNTHESIS. 

Epenthetic  connectives  appear  in  petr-i-fy,  myst- 
i-fy,  stell-i-form,  ge-o-grapliy,  witti-C-ism,  tobacco-n-ist, 
ego-t-ist,  blaek-a-moor, — there  being  no  such  words  or 
inflections  as  petri,  mysti,  stelli,  geo,  wittic,  -ify,  -iforin. 

Metath'esis 
is  a  transposition  or  displacement  of  elements,  as  in  put- 
ting the  r  of  *  three '  after  the  vowel  in  '  third.'     In  the 
following  examples,  the  lines  of  the  mark  X  indicate  the 
transposed  letters. 


burn 

curl 

foliage 

frith 

granary 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

brand 

cruller 

foil 

firth 

garner 

Induction 

is  the  influence  of  classes  of  words,  as  when  drift,  gift,  lift, 
&c.,  induce  '  cliff'  to  become  '  clift.'  Poland,  for  the  Ger- 
man name  '  Polen,'  is  due  to  names  like  '  Scotland '  and 
'  Finland.' 

Oto'sis 

is  an  error  of  ear,  a  mis-hearing,  as  in  making  *  sapsago ' 
(a  kind  of  cheese)  out  of  the  German  *  schabzieger,'  or 
in  turning  the  old  English  guttural  gh  into  /  in  words 
like  '  rough '  and  '  tough.' 

William  Caxton  (who  introduced  printing  into  Eng- 
land about  the  year  1474,)  mentions  an  ancient  Greek 
philosopher  as  Peter  Gower.* 

Siradzhu-d-daula,  viceroy  of  Bengal,  who  took  Calcutta 
in  1756,  was  mentioned  in  newspapers  of  the  period  as 
Sir  Roger  Dowler. 

A  famous  mountain  pass  in  India  named  Sakri-gali 
(from  sakra  narrow,  gali  a  pass,)  is  known  to  the  English 
as  Sickly-gully. 

*  By  a  farther  perversiou  of  the  old  French  form  Pytagore,  of  the  book- 
word  Pythag'oras. 


SYNTHESIS.  31 

Parasyn'esis 
(Gr.  synSsis  comprehension  ;  para'  aside,  amiss,)  a  misun- 
derstanding or  misconception  of  a  word  all  of  which  is 
present,  as  when  'Chinese'  is  supposed  to  be  a  plural, 
and  capable  of  furnishing  'Chinee'  in  the  singular  num- 
ber. By  thus  dropping  a  supposed  plural  -s  or  -es,  we 
have  formed  cyclop  (but  'cyclops'  is  in  use),  effigy,  potato 
(batatas),  pirate,  pyrite,  satrap,  specie  (but  '  species '  re- 
mains), stalactite. 

specie-bottle,  a  wide-mouthed  bottle  used  for  species  of  drugs. 
molasses  (properly  melasse)  is  a  plural  form  used  as  singular;  so  is 
wages,   but  this   was   afterwards  made  plural,   with  'wage'   in   the 

singular. 
riches  is  a  singular  (Fr.  richesse)  used  as  a  plural. 

French  ecrevisse,  old  English  cre'vis  and  cre'vish  became  English 
crayf-ish  and  crawf-ish — the  latter  part  of  the  word  being  mis- 
taken for  Jixh. 

Partly  by  otosis  and  partly  by  parasynesis  Fr.  saliere  (a  salt  dish) 
has  become  salt-cellar;  and 'asparagus '  has  been  mistaken  for  '  spar- 
rowgrass.' 

Analepsy 
is  the  7'eparation  or  amendment  of  words  which  have 
become  obscure  from  a  real  or  supposed  loss  of  parts  or 
meanings. 

The  suffix  -ster  formerly  indicated  females,  as  in  spin-ster 
(a  female  spinn-er,)  song-ster  (a  female  sing-er,)  but  when 
-ster  lost  its  force,  the  original  meaning  of  '  songster '  was 
restored  by  adding  -ess,  as  in  song-str-ess  and  seam-str-ess. 

The  expression  "  I  'd  rather  "  is  often  amended  with  "  I 
had  rather,"  where  '  had '  is  an  error  for  '  would.' 

The  Greek  words  cyn-ic,  mim-ic,  mus-ic,  log-ic,  rhetor-ic, 
started  as  adjectives,  and  when  they  became  English  nouns, 
and  an  adjective  form  was  required,  -al  was  added,  whence 
not  only  cyn-ic-al,  mus-ic-al,  log-ic-al,  rhetor-ic-al,  but 
also  inductive  (p.  30)   forms  like  angel-ic-al,   con-ic-al, 


32  SYNTHESIS. 

cub-ic-al,  desj^ot-ic-al,  emphat-ic-al,  method-ic-al,  sym- 
metr-ic-al,  cylindr-ic-al,  splier-ic-al,  where  -al  is  useless. 

The  formative  TJ  of  con-tin-u-ous  losing  its  force,  the 
word  was  patched  with  -al,  forming  con-tin-u-al,  -ous 
representing  the  Latin  nominative  sign  -us. 

AVe  have  -ate  and  -ed  (forms  of  the  same  suffix)  in 
dement-ate,  dement-ed,  dement-at-ed ;  serr-at-ed ;  lun-at-ed. 

'Historian'  started  in  Greek  as  'histor'  (a  personal 
noun  in  -tor,  like  sculp-tor),  whence  the  secondary  noun 
'  historia '  (history),  and  this  served  as  a  base  for  the 
English  personal  noun  *  historian,'  which  contains  the 
personal  idea  twice.  So  'augur'  (a  soothsayer)  has  a 
second  form  '  augurer ;'  and  the  Hebrew  plural  cherub-im 
sometimes  appears  as  cherub-im-s,  '  lesser '  and  '  nearer ' 
('near'  being  an  old  comparative  of  'nigh')  are  partly 
due  to  this  head,  and  partly  to  the  induction  (p.  30)  of 
comparatives  in  -er. 

Euphemism 
sometimes  affects  the  form  of  a  word,  as  when  the  name 
of  a  locality  is  changed  from  Hellgate  to  Hurlgate.  An 
attempt  to  anglicise  the  German  name  '  Kre'ty '  resulted 
in  the  Irish  form  *  Grady,'  and  the  Irish  name  '  Prunty ' 
took  the  Greek  form  '  Bronte.' 

Representation. 

When  shortened  words  are  compared  with  their  orig- 
inals, care  must  be  taken  to  determine  the  neglected 
elements,  or  laws  of  speech  and  of  et}miology  will  be 
perverted.  At  the  first  view,  an  interchange  of  m  and 
71  seems  to  be  present  in  'name'  and  'noun,'  but  the 
base  '  nomiu '  of  '  nomin-al '  gives  n  to  nou..n  and  m  to 
name.,,  these  two  consonants  being  representatives  and 
not  mutations  of  each  other  in  these  words. 

The  ai  of  '  rail '  has  not  become  u  in  '  rule,'  but  the 


SYNTHESIS.  33 

latter  represents  the  former  next  the  r  of  eegula,  from 
which  '  rail '  retains  the  first,  second,  and  fifth  elements 
(REguLa),  while  '  rule '  retains  the  first,  fourth,  and 
fifth  (RegULa),  ^Yhen  the  neglect  of  *  eg '  brings  u  to  the 
second  place. 

In  going  from  *  pulver(ise) '  to  *  powder,'  v  seems  to 
become  c?,  or  d  seems  a  permutation  of  I, — but  v  was  lost 
from  old  English  pould..er  (=  poolder),  the  oo  of  which 
became  oiv  in  '  powder,'  and  d  was  educed  from  I  before  it 
was  neglected. 

Care  must  be  taken  not  to  mistake  examples  of  repre- 
sentation for  those  of  mutation,  as  in  *  delu..ge '  fi'om 
DiLUYiu™  (p.  22),  where  *ge'  (=dzh)  is  a  mutation  of 
the  vowel,  to  which  it  has  an  etymologic  relation,  whilst 
it  has  merely  a  representative  relation  to  the  lost  v. 
Similarly,  an  epenthetic  e  before  sc,  and  the  subsequent 
loss  of  the  s,  seems  to  point  to  an  aflinity  between  e  (e  in 
they)  and  s  in  French  and  English,  which  does  not  exist — 

scarlet  stable         spine  scripture  scum         school 

^..carlate      e.. table      e..pino       e..cri..ture        e..cume    e..cole 

In  Greek  and  Latin,  ts,  ds,  are  not  sequents  {t,  d,  are 
not  followed  by  s),  consequently,  if  participial  s  is  re- 
quired after  d  or  t,  as  in  pro-vi<le-pro-vicl-s-ion  ;  re-mit- 
re-mit-S-ion,  the  dental  (t  or  d)  is  either  dropped  or 
assimilated,  forming  pro-vi..s-ion  (where  the  d  is  dropped) 
and  re-miss-ion  (where  t  is  assimilated,  as  sho^vn  by  the 
doubled  s  in  Latin).  This  change  makes  s  the  represen- 
tative of  the  nearly  related  t,  d.  The  similar  relation 
with  n,  r,  accounts  for  forms  like  ad-here-ad-hc-S-ion ; 
de-poii-ent-de-po..-S-it ;  respond-response.  But  in  these 
examples  of  representation,  a  mutational  influence  is 
present. 


34  SYNTHESIS. 

Par  op' sis 

is  (Gr.  o'psis)  a  looking  (para')  beyond  or  beside,  imply- 
ing a  false  view,  such  as  an  error  in  print,  writing,  or 
reading. 

As  I  and  h  may  be  written  much  alike,  this  may  ac- 
count for  a  former  spelling  of  Bahelmandeh  as  Bahel- 
mandel. 

Paropsis  includes  such  misrSad  words  as  philology 
for  philology,  engine  for  engine,  eye-talian  for  It-alian, 
pie-auo  for  pian'o,  nigh-ther  for  neither  (=nee'ther), 
raillery  for  raillery  (=rairery,  corresponding  with 
*  rally,'  not  with  *  rail '),  wind  for  wind. 

Initial  'k8  being  diflBcult  in  speech,  the  k  would  be  likely  to  be 
neglected,  leaving  s  and  turning  'kserkses'  into  'serkses' — but  the 
letters  '  X '  and  '  Z  '  are  somewhat  alike  and  their  confusion  has  given 
the  same  initial  sound  to  the  names  Xeno  and  Zeno  in  English. 


35 


CHAPTER  5.    PARESIS. 

After  words  are  built  up  by  synthesis  (p.  26),  they 
are  subject  to  modificatiou  by  par'&is  or  neglect,  which 
has  turned  (saxifrage) 

s  a  c  s  i  f  r  a  ge  into 
sa  ..  saf  r  a  s 

by  neglecting  to  pronounce  the  cay  of  x,  and  by  allowing 
the  middle  vowel  and  final  consonant  to  be  replaced  by 
others.  Although  such  changes  are  due  to  carelessness, 
inattention,  and  ignorance,  they  result  in  a  multitude  of 
new  and  useful  words. 

In  many  cases,  the  longer  word  in  the  following  ex- 
amples is  a  book-word  introduced  after  the  shorter  form 
has  been  in  use,  consequently,  the  latter  is  not  a  direct 
derivative  of  the  former,  the  two  having  entered  the 
language  independently. 

Paresis  or  neglect  performs  an  important  part  in  pro- 
ducing derivative  words.  The  loss  of  elements  is  often 
followed  by  a  change  of  meaning;  and  the  new  forms 
are  not  usually  such  as  result  from  removing  affixes  for 
the  purpose  of  restoring  a  previous  condition. 

Blackboard  exercises  should  be  written  in  the  following  manner — 
movement              manoeuvre               hospital              blaspheme 
mo.. ment  man ..u.. re  ho..  ..tel  bla me 

Greek — p  eH  r  o  s  eM  i  n  o  n 
p  a  ..  r  ..  s  ..  1  ey 

c  e  1  e ry 

where  -ry  of  *cele-ry '  is  set  apart,  being  an  independent  suflBx,  perhaps 
suggested  by  the  r  of  '  parsley.' 


36 


PARESIS. 


adjut-ant  ai..d. 
ainbul-ate  amb..le 
angul-ar  ang..le 
aper-ient  Ap..r-il 
ap'plicable  appli'..able 
apprehend  appre..nt-iee 

aptitude  a..ttitude 
armature  arm. .or 
Armenian  ermine.. 
Augustin  Au..stin 
balsam  ba^.m 
benediction  ben. .i.. son 

benignity  benign 
Bethlehem  bedL.am 
blossom  bloo..m 
hoTOugh  bur..g 
bowel  bavou.. 
ealc-areous  chark-y 

capital  ca..tt..le 
captive  cai..tiff 
castle  cha..teau 
eauda-1  cue.,  queue.. 
chirurgeon  s..urgeon 
cholera  choler.. 

cleric  cler..k 
collect'  cull., 
"•"colone  clown 
column  colo..nnade+ 
compute  coun..t 
concept  concei..t 

conduct. .er  cond»/i..t 

con-fide  de-fy.. 

con-fid-ence  af-fi..ance   dubious  dou6-t 

conven-t-ionco..Ten-ant    duplic-ate  double. 
eject  je..t  ju..t 
elect  eli..te 


cover  ke..r-chief 
credent  mis-cre..ant 
crisp  cra..pe 
crude  cru..el 
crypt  gro..tt-o 
cucurbit  ..goHr..d 

damascene  dam.. son 
debt  d..ue 
decadence  decay., 
deception  decei..t 
decim-al  d..ime 
declination  declen-sion 

defect  defea..t 
de-grade  r.  de-gree..  )i. 
delectable  deli^/it-ful 
deposit   depo..f 
desider-ate  desi..re 
designate  design 

de-spic-able  ..spi..te  food  fo..-ster 

de-struct-ive  de-stroy..  fragile  frai..l 

dictate  di..tt-y  Prankish  Fren..cli 

dig-n-it-y  dei^n,  dis-  frater-nal  fri..ar 

dai..n  condiyn  fric-ass-ee  fry.. 


eremite  her..mit 
estim-ate  ai..m 
evet  ef..t 
evid-ent  vie..w 
evil  i..ll 
exemplar  ..sampler 

ex-cortic-ate  ..s-corch 
explicate  exploi..t 
extraneous  ..strange 
extra-vag-ant  ..stray., 
fact  fea..t 
factitious  fetish 

fantasy  fan..cy 
febrifuge  feverfew^ 
feroci-ous  fier..ce 
fidelity  fe..al..ty 
flagellate  flai..l 
foc-al  fu..el  cur-few.. 


dilate  delay.. 

diluvial  delu..ge^.22. 
disport  ..sport 
distracted  distrau^At 
distress  ..stress 
dolphin  dau..phin 
drachm   dra..m 

drag  draw.,  dray., 
drajgle  trai..l 


cook  cu..-linary 
coppice  cop..se 

+corone  crown 
corpse  cor..se  corjjs 
cortic-al  cor..k 
courtesy  curt..sy 


eleemos-ynary  a/..m..s 
emend  ..mend 
emmet  an..t* 
engine  ..gin 


friction  fray..fre..t 

fruct-i-fy  fru?'..t 
gander  goo..se 
genteel  jaunty., 
genteel  gent..le 
gigantic  gi..ant 
glyc'er-ine)  ..lic-o(rice) 

gust-o   dis-gust   gou..t 
halser  haw..ser 
hedge  haw. .(thorn) 
Hieronymus   ..Jero..me 
Hispania  ..Spain 
Hispaniola  ..spaniel 

history  ..story 
hyacinth  ..jacinth p.  21. 
hydropsy  ..dropsy 
insulate  L.solate 


PARESIS. 


37 


i-gno-ble  ..noble 
i-gnorant  un-i-nowing 
im-plic-ate  imply., 
invidious  envi..ous 
indiction  indi..te 
inimic-al  enemy.. 

inimic-al  en..mi..ty 
integer  enti..re 
invective  invei^A 
junction  join..t  jun..to 
juniper  gin., 
juvenile  ju..nior 

lad(-ess)  la..ss 
latest  la..st 
lavender  lau..ndry 
laverock  la..r..k 
layer  lai..r 
league  al-li..ance 

lection  lesson 
ligament  li..en,  al-ly.. 
lixivium  lye., 
lobby  lo..dge 
loc-al  lieu., 
long-evi-ty  a..ge 

Longobard  Lom..bardt 
niaeul-ate  mo..le(a  spot) 
magister-y  ma..ster-y 
market  mar.,t 
masculine  ma..le 
massive  massy.. 

mayhem  mai,.m 
median  mea..n 
+mediety  m..oiety 
+nie^k-ed  ma..-de 
mensur-able  mea..sure 
\\(jht  mai..-n 

minister  min..st..r-el 
mix-t  me..s-t-izo 
model  mo. .Id 
monastery  min..ster.. 
4 


monster  mu..ster 
muscul-ar  muscle 
native  na..ive 
naught  no..t 
navig-ation  navvy., 
negation  de-ni..-al 

ni^^er  ne..ar 
nomin-al  nou..n 
Norweg-ian  Norway.. 
+n-other  n-o..r 
noxious  noi,.-some 
nutri-ment  nou-r-ish 

obedience  obei..sance 
oct-u-ple  eight-{o\d 
ordinance  ord. .nance 
or-pi-ment  orpi..n 
ossifrage  os..prey.. 
ostiary  u..sh..er 

other  o..r 
pag-an  pea..-s-ant 
palmate  pa^m 
parabola  parab..le 
parable  par.. Icy 
paralysis  pa..l..sy.. 

particle  par..cel 
pauper  poo..r 
pectoral  poi..t..rel 
penitence  pen..ance 
penit-ent  re-pen. .t-ant 
periculous  peri..lous 

per-secute  s..ue  pur- 
6..ue  s..uit  ens..ue 
petr-i-fy  pie..r 
phantasm  fant..om 
phrenetic  fran,.tic 
piety  pi..ty 

pigment  pai..nt 
plic-ate  plea..t  ply.. 
Pontefract  Pom..fre..t 
^positure  pos..ture 


plenit-ude  plen..t-y 
potent  pow..-erful 
pred-atory  prey., 
pre-dic-ate  prea..ch 
prehension  pri..s..on 
presbyter  pries. .t.. 

procuracy  proc-cy 
procuriitor  proctor 
provide  purvey., 
pro-vid-ent  pru..d-ent 
pugnacious  im-pur/n 
pumice  poun..cet 

punct-ure  poin..tJ 
RADIUS  ray., 
receive  recei/)t 
rectangle  ri^Atangle 
redemption  r..an..somt 
re-duc-t-ion  sub-due.. 

regal  re..rjl-m 
regn-ant  rei^n-ing 
regulator  r,.ul..er 
remain  rem..n-ant 
re-mov-ed  re-mo. .te 
replication  reply.. 

respect'  r^spL.tc 
retract  retrea..t 
rotund  rou..nd 
rup-t-ure  rou..t 
salv-age  sa..ve   sa..fe 
sanct-i-ty  sain..ti 

saxifrage  sa..ssafras 
scandal  s.. lander 
secure  s..ure 
senior  si. .re  s..i..r 
shire-reeve  sher..iflf 
sigil  sea..l 

signature  sign 
species  spice 
spelter  (zinc)  ..pew..ter 
spirit  sp..rite 


38 


PARESIS. 


spons-or  e-spou..s-al 
sprig  spray., 
straggle  stray., 
strict  strai..t 
subduce  subdue., 
super'ficies  su..rface 

super-vise  su..r-vey.. 
su-spec-t  de-spi..te 
sylv-an  sa..v-age 
tabul-ate  tab..le 
tegul-ar  ti..le 
tell  tal-k 


tenth  ti..the 
think  thou^r^-t 
tinct-ure  tin..t  tain..t 
trac-t  trai..<  trea..t 
trac-t-ate  trea..t-y,  -ise 
transpass  tre..s-pass 

trough  tray 
tug  tow..u. 
unc-t-ion  oin..t-ment 
use  u..tensil 
van-it-y  vaun..t 
varlet  va..let 


vestiary  vest..ry 
vitul-ine   vea..l 
viv-id  vi..t-al 
vocal  vow.. el 
vote  vow., 
vulgar  fo^k 

wagon  wai..n 
wal-tz  wa?-k 
will  wou/d 
worth  wor..ship 
yell-ow  yo^k 
young  you..th 


Observe,  that  it  is  not  ad-  of  'adjutant'  that  becomes  'aid,'  but  t  of 
the  former  becomes  d  of  the  latter.  In  cases  like  ambul-ate,  angul-ar, 
it  is  easy  to  see  that  the  parts  (-ate,  -ar)  set  off  by  hyphens,  have 
nothing  to  do  with  amb..le,  ang..le;  and  that  the  suffix  -il  of  Ap..r-il 
is  different  from  -lent  of  aper-ient.  Bur..g  has  lost  the  second  vowel 
of  hurough,  but  retains  the  final  consonant  wanting  in  the  latter. 


39 


CHAPTER  6.    GRAMMAR. 

In  looking  at  the  composition  of  words  like 

falsify  to  make  false  purify  to  make  pure 

justify  to  make  just  rectify  to  make  right 

classify  to  arrange  in  order  versify  to  make  verse 

we  must  not  suppose  that  *  -ify '  represents  make,  for  in 
these  words,  *  -fy '  alone  has  this  meaning,  and  to  include 
the  '  -i- '  as  part  of  it,  would  be  like  making  *  iform '  the 
latter  part  of  uniform,  multiform,  cruciform,  vermiform ; 
or  like  dividing  *  Scottstown '  into  '  Scott  *  and  *  stown/ 

This  brings  us  to  the  grammatic  inflections  of  such 
words  in  Latin.  The  Latin  verb  fall-o  (I  miss, /ai7, 
cheat,)  has  for  its  participle  and  adjective  fal-s-us  {false^ 
where  -us  indicates  the  nominative  case  and  masculine 
gender,  of  which  the  genitive*  case  fal-s-i  of  false)  is 
used  in  fals-i-fy,  and  the  same  nominative  -us  has  -I  gen- 
itive in  just-i-fy,  rect-i-fy,  clar-i-fy,  pur-i-fy,  null-i-fy,  where 
*  -fy '  is  a  short  form  of  -fie-  (also  -fee-,  fac-  make,)  as  in 
ampl-i-fic-at-ion  (a  making  wide  or  ample.) 

The  fact  that  words  like  pac:i-fic,  spec^i-fic,  terr^i-fic 
end  like  poet-ic,  caused  them  to  be  accepted  as  adjectives 
in  -ic ;  but  the  adjective  power  of  the  Latin  word  belongs 
to  the  lost  suflix  of  terr-i-fic-us.  This  affords  an  ex- 
ample of  parasynesis  (p.  31). 

'Amplification'  is  not  derived  from  'amplify,'  nor  satis-fac-t-ion 
from  *  satisfy,'  because  the  original  stems  *  fie '  and  '  fac  *  have  a  cay 
which  the  remnant  '  fy  *  cannot  give.  Authors  who  follow  this  method 
assign  an  older  'test-y'  (as  if  head-j)  to  a  newer  French  'te..te'  head 
(which  cannot  give  the  «  of  the  old  French  'teste'), — 'taste'  to  Fr. 
'ta..ter,'  and  others.  Never  cite  a  word  as  an  original  which  cannot 
account  for  a  supposed  derivative. 

*  Implying  of,  and  constituting  the  '  possessive '  case  of  English  Grammar. 


40  GRAMMAR. 

HORT-us  (a  garden),  hort-i  (of  a  garden),  hort-i-cul-ture 
(culture  of  a  garden.)  crux  (a  cross),  CRUC-is  (of  a  cross,) 
cruc-i-form  (having  the  form  of  a  cross.) 

VER-us  (true,  gen.  ver-i)  gives  ver-i-ty;  but  var^^i-us 
(various,  gen.  VAR-i-i)  gives  var-i-e-ty,  to  prevent  the 
repetition  '  ii,'  and  pi-us  (pious,  gen.  pi-i)  gives  pi-e-ty 
for  the  same  reason. 

The  nominative  and  genitive  are  alike  in  class-is  (a 
class,)  whence  class-i-fy  which  we  may  write  with  the 
nominative  mark  (•),  the  genitive  (:),  or  class-:i-fy  with 
both. 

FORT-is  (strong,)  fort-i-fy  (to  make  strong). 

MOLL-is  (soft),  moll-i-fy  (to  make  soft). 

VERM-is  (a  worm,)  verm-i-form. 

ENS-is  (a  sword,)  ens-i-form,  where  the  parts  are  adapted 
by  rejecting  final  -s.  But  the  -s  is  retained  in  sat-is-fy  (to 
cause  to  have  enough,  to  sate,)  from  sat-is  (enough,) 
which  has  adverbial  -is. 

PAX  (peace)  gen.  pac-is,  whence  pac-i-fic. 

Ipex  (the  top)  gen.  apic-is,  whence  apic-al. 

MANUS  (hand)  gen.  man-us,  whence  man-u-al. 

MORS  (death)  gen.  mort-is,  whence  morti-fy,  mort-al. 

The  genitive  case  of  fruct-us  (frui..t),  vers-us  (a 
verse,  a  turn,)  is  fruct-us,  versus,  hence  the  -i-  of 
fruct-i-fy  and  vers-i-fy  is  not  a  genitive  sign,  but  a  con- 
nective (p.  30)  induced  (p.  30)  by  the  frequency  of  the 
genitive  -I. 

ON-us  (a  burden)  gen.  6n-er-is,  whence  exon-er-ate. 

The  Latin  corp-us  (a  body,  whence  corp..se  and  corjo..s), 
has  the  genitive  case  corp-or-is,  whence  corp'-or-al  (re- 
lating to  the  body),  and  corp-6r'-e-al  (having  a  body),  in 
which  an  additional  word  is  made  by  an  -e-  which  is 
formative,  but  not  grammatic,  although  elements  which 
give  grammatic  forms  and  meanings,  are  formative  also. 


GRAIVOIAR.  41 

Formative  'e'  and  'i'  are  present  in  Europ-e'-an, 
Athe'n-i-an,  gen-i-us,  re-me'd-i-al ;  and  a  final  'y'  is 
printed  for  'i,'  as  in  re-m'ed-y,  master-y,  mis'er-y, 
mytholog-y.  Tliey  are  also  present  in  stup-e-fy,  liqu-e-fy, 
terr-i-fy,  fur-i-ous,  gen-e-sis,  id-e-a,  Ind-i-a,  Austral-i-a. 

The  'e'  with  which  *rose'  and  'line'  are  written,  has 
nothing  *to  do  with  the  formative  '  e '  of  ros-e-ate  and 
lin-e-al,  being  added  to  secure  the  pronunciation  of  the 
vowel. 

Gender.  French  relinquished  the  Latin  suffixes  for 
case  and  gender,  as  masc.  -US,  fem.  -A,  neut.  U°,  and 
rejecting  the  neuter,  was  left  with  but  two  genders.  De- 
prived of  their  gender  suffixes,  Latin  -iv-us,  -iv-A  would 
become  -iv  which  French  took  as  -ive  in  the  feminine 
and  -if  in  the  masculine,  so  that  Lat.  captivus,  captiva, 
became  French  m.  '  captif,'  /.  'captive'  whence  English 
*  cai..tiff'  and  '  captive' — 

restiff  restive  brief  breve  blank  blanch 

4  * 


Li  b  U  A  it 
UNIVKUSITY  OI- 

CALIFORNL  . 


42 


CHAPTER  7.    ANALYSIS. 

English  words  present  certain  resemblances,  as  be- 
tween '  ulcerate '  (to  become  an  ulcer,)  and  *  personate ' 
(to  imitate  a  person),  where  -ate  not  only  extends  the 
meaning  of  *  ulcer '  and  '  person,'  but  it  turns  these  nouns 
into  verbs.  In  '  passionate,'  -ate  turns  a  noun  into  an 
adjective,  and  in  '  consulate '  (the  office  of  a  consul,)  it 
gives  a  derivative  noun. 

In  *  ulcerate,'  -ate  is  an  affix,  and  also  a  suffix — because 
placed  after  the  stem  *  ulcer.'  An  affix  is  so  named  be- 
cause it  is  fixed  or  joined  (AF-*  for  ad)  to,  whether  before 
or  after.  A  suffix  is  something  joined  (suf-^  for  sub 
below,  behind,  or)  after ;  and  prefixes  are  placed  (pre-) 
before  their  stems.  A  stem  is  the  part  to  which  an  affix 
is  joined.  In  '  ulcer- at-ion,'  *  ulcerat '  is  a  stem  to  -ion, 
and  '  ulcer '  to  -at-ion. 

coiig^lutiiiate  to  unite  (con-)  with  glue  or  gluten ; 
concentrate  to  bring  (con-)  together  to  a  centre ; 
conglobate  brought  together  in  the  shape  of  a  globe ; 
consolidate  to  make  solid.  Here,  in  addition  to  the 
suffix  -ate,  we  have  con-,  which  we  judge  to  be  a  prefix, 
because  we  observe  that  it  stands  before  parts  or  stems 
which  we  recognise  as  the  separate  words  gluten,  centre, 
globe,  solid.  AVe  observe  farther,  that  several  of  these 
stems  are  varied  in  form,  to  adapt  them  to  their  position, 
in  which  they  may  be  compared  to  timbers  which  require 
to  be  trimmed  into  proper  shape,  before  they  can  take 
their  place  in  a  building. 


ANALYSIS. 


43 


Prefixes  are  often  thus  fitted  to  stems,  as  when  con- 
becomes  CO-  in  '  co-equal '  (equal  with) ;  or  when  its  n  is 
assimilated  to  a  lip  consonant  by  becoming  m,  as  in 
'commix'  (to  mix  together),  'compatriot'  (a  fellow 
countryman.)  In  the  same  manner,  con-  becomes  col-  by 
assimilation  before  I,  as  in  'collocate'  (to  locate  with,  or 
together ;  to  arrange) ;  and  it  takes  the  form  cor-  before  ?•, 
as  in  '  correspond '  (to  respond  with ;  to  agree.)  It  is 
clear  that  this  assimilative  change  is  due  to  the  difii- 
culty  of  pronouncing  words  like  con-mix,  con-locate, 
con-respond,  con- motion. 

Qu.  How  do  we  know  that  col-  and  cor-  are  forms  of  con-,  and  not 
distinct  prefixes?  Ana.  We  know  that  col-  and  cor-  stand  for  con-  in 
such  words,  because  ancient  Latin  inscriptions  are  in  existence,  which 
give  such  double  forms  as  collisio  and  conlisio  (collision),  conuEcxou 

and  CONRECTOR. 

In  adaptiug  the  prefix  ex  (out,  out  of,)  it  may  become 
EC-  and  E-,  as  in 

e-nerv-ate  to  deprive  of  nervo  or  force  j  to  un-nerve. 
evaporate  to  go  out  or  oflF  in  vapor. 

ec-centr-ic  or  excentric  out  of  centre;  odd;  singular. 
e-labor-ate  to  work  out;  spend  labor  on;  worked  out. 
collaborate  to  labor  with,  or  together. 

In  the  next  table,  stems  and  derivatives  are  printed  so 
as  to  exhibit  their  mutual  relations. 


cave 

a  hoUoic  j)lace. 

firm 

strong. 

excavate 

to  holloio  out. 

confirm 

to  make  strong. 

cav:i-ty 

a  hollowed  ]}lace. 

infirm 

not  strong  ;  feeble. 

dense  close. 

dens:i-ty    closeness. 
condense  to  make  close. 


grave  weight]/;  solemn. 

grav.:i-ty  weight;  seriousness. 
grievous    hard  to  be  borne. 


fame 

renoioi. 

taste 

one  of  the  senses. 

famous 

renowned. 

tasty 

showing  taste. 

defame 

to  deprive  of  fame. 

distaste 

want  of  relish. 

44  ANALYSIS. 

note         to  mark;  to  observe.  pure        clean. 

denote         to  mark  ^pecialli].  pur:i-ty  cleanness. 

notable   worthy  of  note.  pur:i-fy  to  viake  clean. 

null         of  no  value.  sole         alone ;  single. 

annul  to  make  void.  solitude  loneliness. 

null:i-ty  nothingness.  de-sol-ate    made  lonely  ;  ruined. 

press        to  crush ;  to  squeeze.  vile         low,  mean. 

compress       to  press  together.  revile         to  reproach. 

repression  a  pressing  bach.  vil-i-fy  to  make  (vIl-is)  vile. 

Hundreds  of  words  enable  us  to  separate  and  to  deter- 
mine the  force  of  their  component  parts ;  but  there  are 
many  which  differ  from  the  preceding  examples  in  the 
fact  that,  although  they  are  shown  to  be  derivatives  by 
their  known  affixes,  and  by  their  meanings,  their  steins  are 
not  in  use  as  English  words.  Nevertheless,  such  words 
must  be  treated  as  derivatives,  whether  their  stems  are 
known  words  or  not.* 

If  *  press '  as  a  separate  word  had  been  lost  from  all 
languages,  such  evident  derivatives  as  depress,  express, 
impress,  repress,  suppress,  would  furnish  it;  and  with 
equal  facility  we  get  a  stem  '  pel '  and  its  meaning  drive^ 
from  expel  to  drive  out ;  impel  to  drive  on ;  repel 
to  drive  back ;  propel  to  drive  forward ;  dispel  to 
drive  asunder,  as  clouds. 

Qu.  If  English  were  the  only  known  language,  should  'propel'  and 
*  repel'  be  regarded  as  unconnected,  and  each  assumed  to  be  a  primitive 
word?  Ans.  They  should  not;  because,  if  'propel'  means  to  drive 
forward,  and  'repel'  means  to  drive  back, — as  'pel*  is  a  part  of  both 
words,  and  drive  a  part  of  both  definitions,  'pel'  necessarily  means 
drive,  'pro'  moans  forward,  and  're-'  means  back. 

Qu.  What  do  you  make  of  'redeem?'  Ans.  If  it  were  not  for  one 
thing,  I  would  say  that,  as  '  redeem '  means  to  buy  back,  re-  should 
mean  back,  leaving  'deem'  to  mean  buy. 

*  In  the  following  pairs,  different  words  are  built  up  in  the  same  manner 
from  different  stems- 
veracity    confidence    congregate     perforate     collocate    irritate     social 
sagacity    confluence    confiscate      percolate     colligate    irrigate    genial 


ANALYSIS.  45 

Qu.  But  '  deem  *  means  to  think,  to  judge,  and  locally,  a  judge  is 
called  a  'deemster.'  Besides,  rk-  is  Latin,  and  'deem'  is  English, 
making  this  supposed  'RE-deem'  a  hibrid  (p.  29),  and  analysis  which 
makes  a  word  a  hibrid,  is  to  be  treated  with  distrust.  But  what  is  the 
"one  thing"  to  which  you  alluded?  Am.  It  is,  that  while  stems  like 
'pel'  (drive)  and  *trac-t'  (draw)  afford  several  derivatives,  such  as 
repel,  propel,  dispel;  retract,  extract,  distract,  contract,  attract,  the 
supposed  stem  'deem'  of  'redeem'  occurs  with  but  one  prefix,  and 
unless  such  single  examples  exhibit  their  parts  clearly,  a  supposed 
composition  like  're-deem'  must  be  regarded  as  doubtful. 

Obs.  We  have  seen  (p.  43)  that  ex  has  the  forms  e-  and  EC- j  similarly, 
RE-  has  the  form  red-  in  the  Latin  word  red-im-o  {I  re-purchase,  whence 
red-eem,)  from  em-o  /  buy,  obtain;  emp-t-us  bought,  obtained; 
exemptus  taken  (ex)  out,  released,  whence  ex-emp-t,  where  p  is 
educed  from  m.  Consequently,  there  is  no  such  word  as  re-deem  in  the 
sense  of  a  stem  'deem'  with  a  prefix  re-. 

Qu.  What  do  you  make  of  'icicle'?  Ans.  It  should  not  be  assumed 
to  be  a  hibrid  by  comparing  it  with  'particle'  (a  small  part),  but  we 
must  trace  its  history,  when  we  find  it  as  Anglosaxon  is-gicel  {g  in  give, 
c  as  k) ;  Dutch  ijskegel  ice-cone  ((/  as  y  in  my). 

The  stems  of  the  following  derivatives  are  recognisable, 
notwithstanding  their  absence  as  separate  English  words. 

agent  (one)  doing  or  acting.  cap-t-ive  one  caught  or  held. 

aC't  (something)  done.  ca-p-a,G:i-tj power  of  holding. 

exal't  to  make  high;  e-lev-nte.        proceed  to  go  (pro)  foncard. 
altii't-ude  hight ;  e-lev-a-tion.       recede  to  go  (re-)  back. 

ann-u-al  yearly.  certain  sure. 

ann-ud-ty  yearly  stipend.  certes  surely. 

ardent  burning ;  zealous.  exclude  to  shut  (ex)  out. 

ardor  xcarmth  ;  zeal.  seclude  to  shut  (se-)  apart. 

aud^i-ble  that  may  be  heard.  culpable  icorthy  of  blame. 

aud^i-t-or  a  hearer.  exculpate  to  clear  from  blame. 

"bell-ic-ose /jrojie  to  rear.  recur  to  run  back;  return. 

rebel'  to  war  (re-)  back.  concur  to  meet  (or  act)  together. 

imbibe  to  drink  in.  decent  ^ro^jer,  becoming, 

hihulous  drinking  in  ;  spongy.  dec:oT-um  propriety. 

canine  pertaining  to  dogs.  indicate  to  point  out. 

cynic  (Gr.)  doglike;  surly.  dic-t-ion  mode  of  speech. 


46 


ANALYSIS. 


dol-or  grief. 
condole  to  grieve  (con-)  with. 

donate  to  give, 
donor  a  giver. 

endure  to  last;  to  hear, 
durable  lasting. 

equal  even  ;  just. 
equ:i-ty  justice. 

defend  to  strike;  to  avert. 
fender  a  protector, 

refer  to  hear  hack. 
defer  to  put  off. 

fervor  heat;  warmth;  zeal, 
fervent  hoiling  ;  zealous. 

confide  to  trust  much. 
diffidence  icatrt  of  trust. 

figure  a  form,  shape,  outline. 
effig==y  (s=l.ES)  a  likeness;  image. 

final  at  the  end. 
finish  to  end;  the  end. 

focus  meeting  point  of  rays, 
focal  pert,  to  a  focus  or  h'arth. 

fragment  hit  broken  off. 
fragile  easily  brok-en. 

fugitive  feeing;  escaping, 
f ngucious feeting;  volatile. 

fulgid  bright;  shining. 
effulgent  shining  (ex)  out. 

congeal  to  freeze  (cON-)  together. 
gelid  very  cold;  frozen. 

gerent  bearing. 
aligerous  icing-bearing;  winged. 

glac*i-al  relating  to  ice. 
glac*i-er  afield  of  ice. 

grat<u-it-ous  done  ojtt  of  favor. 
grata- t-udo  thankfulnes». 


exhale  to  breathe  (exj  out. 
inhal-at-ion  a  breathing  in. 

adhere  to  stick  (ad)  to. 

cohere  to  stick  (co-,  con-)  together. 

horror  o  shuddering  fear, 
horrid  exciting  horror. 

humid  moist. 
humor  moisture. 

image  a  likeness. 
imitate  to  copy. 

collide  to  strike  together. 
elide  to  strike  out. 

lift  to  raise  up. 
lever  a  raising  bar. 

local  pertaining  to  a  place. 
locate  to  put  in  place. 

remain  to  stay  (re-)  hack. 
permanent  staying  (per)  entirely. 

malice  ill-will,  sjjite. 
malig^n-ant  spiteful. 

command  to  order;  authority. 
mandate  a  command. 

permeate  to  go  or  pass  through. 
immeable  not  allowing  passage. 

remed=*y  means  of  cure;  to  restore. 
med-ic-ine  the  art  of  healing. 

mental  pertaining  to  the  mind. 
dementate  deprived  of  mind. 

minute'  very  small. 
diminish  to  lessen. 

admire  to  wonder  (ad)  at. 

mirr-or  object  used  in  admiring. 

admonish  to  warn,  remind. 
mon-it-or  he  who  reminds. 

mor:t-al  subject  to  death. 
mor:t^u-ar-y  a  burial-place. 


ANALYSIS. 


47 


mural  pertaining  to  a  wall. 
immured  imprisoned. 

mnt-at-ion  change. 
immutable  unchangeable. 

naval  pertaining  to  shipping. 
nav-ig-ate  to  manage  shipping. 

noc=u-ous  producing  harm. 
innocent  not  harming;  harmless. 

renovate  to  make  neio  (re-)  again 
nov-el-ty  something  new. 

connub^i-al  pert,  to  marriage. 
nup-tri-als  marriage  rites. 

num-er-ous  being  many. 
enum-er-ate  to  count  (e-)  ont. 

od=i.um  hatred. 
od=i-ous  hateful. 

adoring  addressing,  beseeching, 
or-at-ion  a  (formal)  speech. 

adorn  to  beautify;  add  beauty. 
ornate  decorated. 

oval  egg-shaped. 

ovoid  somewhat  egg-shaped. 

COmpaC't  driven  (cox-)  together. 
impaC't  a  driving  (in)  against. 

patent  open  (to  all) 
patulous  expanding. 

pathos  (Gr.)  emotion;  feeling. 
pathetic  causing  emotion. 

pat»=i-ent  suffering;  enduring. 
pat=i-ble  sufferable. 

expel  to  drive  out. 
repel  to  drive  back. 

peninsul-a  almost  an  island. 
penultimate  almost  the  last. 

depend  to  hang  (DE)/ro;H  or  doion. 
pendent  hanging;  sus-pend-ed. 


pious  devout. 
piety  devotion. 

depic-t  to  paint. 

piC't-ure  a  painting. 

portable  that  may  be  carried. 
porter  a  carrier. 

private  one's  own. 
deprive  to  take  away  what  one  has. 

"pensbl  relating  to  punishment.     ' 
penitentiary  house  of  sorrow. 

punish  to  cause  pain. 
impunity  without  punishment. 

pudicity  modesty. 
impudent  not  modest. 

deride  to  laugh  at. 

rid-ic-u-lous  laughable. 

rigid  stiff,  hard. 
rigor  stiffness,  severity. 

corrode  to  gnaw  (com-)  much. 
erode  to  eat  (e-,  ex)  out. 

rugose  full  of  icr  inkles. 
corrugate  to  wrinkle  together. 

sal^u-brious  health-bringing. 
sal:=u-tary  healthful. 

sepulchre  a  tomb. 
sepul't-ure  burial. 

desist  to  stand  (dk)  from;  cease. 
assist  to  stand  (ad)  at  or  by;  aid. 

console  to  cheer  or  comfort. 
solace  comfort. 

solar  pertaining  to  the  sun. 
solstice  sun-standing. 

son-or-ous  yielding  sound. 
resonant  sounding  (re-)  back, 

speculum  a  looking-glass. 
inspec-t  to  look  into. 


48 


ANALYSIS. 


assume  to  take  (ad)  to  (one's  self.) 
resume  to  take  back. 

retain  to  hold  back;  keep. 
abstain  to  hold  from. 

tenable  that  may  be  held. 
tenant  a  holder,  an  occupier. , 

ted.s'i-um  weariness. 
tedious  irksome. 

terr-ene  earthly;  earthy. 
inter  to  put  in  earth;  bury. 

terror  fright. 
terrible  causing  /right. 

timid  a/raid. 
timorous /hZ^  of  fear. 

tum-or  a  swell-ing. 
tum-ul-us  a  mound. 

disturb  to  disquiet. 
turbulent  disorderly. 

turgid  swelled. 

turgescent  beginning  to  swell. 

tutor  a  guardian;  a  teacher. 
tuition  wardship;  instruction. 

utility  usefidness. 
utensil  an  implement. 

vac==u-um  an  empty  space. 
vacant  being  empty. 

valid  having  force. 
valor  strength  (of  mind.) 


vanish  to  disappear. 
evanescent  passing  (e-)  away. 

vapor  steam-like  matter, 
vapid  stale;  flavorless, 

convene  to  come  together. 
inveU't  to  come  upon;  find  out. 

ver:i-ty  truth. 
veracious  truthful, 

avert  to  turn  from. 
revert  to  turn  back. 

deviate  to  go  from  the  way. 
pervious  having  a  way  throtigh. 

vivid  lively. 
vivacity  liveliness. 

convocation  a  calling  together, 
revoking  a  calling  back. 

voluntary  acting  by  choice. 
volition  the  act  of  tcilling. 

involve  to  roll  in;  entangle. 
evolve  to  roll  forth;  develop. 

voracity  greed. 
devour  to  eat  up. 

vulgar  common. 
divulge  to  make  common, 

beware  to  be  cautious, 
warn  to  caution. 

cau-t-ion  wariness. 
cav*=e-at  let  him  beioare. 


The  foregoing  table  gives  us  over  one  hundred  stems 
for  which  it  is  not  necessary  to  go  beyond  the  English 
language.  In  many  cases,  however,  we  must  study  the 
previous,  history  of  the  words,  or  our  conclusions  will  be 
erroneous.  For  example,  the  same  t  does  not  occur  in 
*  trans-it '  (trans-i-t-us  a  going  over)  and  '  ex-it '  (ex-it 


ANALYSIS.  49 

he  goes  out),  the  former  -t  being  participial,  while  the 
latter  marks  the  third  person  singular,  not  only  of  this 
verb,  but  of  others.  '  Exit '  has  been  adopted  from  plays, 
where  it  directs  a  character  to  leave  the  stage.  The  root 
of  these  words  is  i  (go)  present  in  trans-i-ent  across-going. 

The  prefix  'a-'  of  a-part,  a-sleep,  is  not  present  in  'alone,'  which  is 
not  to  be  divided  as  a-lone,  but  as  al-one  or  all  one,  with  the  old  pro- 
nunciation of  one  in  on-ly,  al-one  and  its  short  form  ..1-one.  The 
tp-sound  now  heard  in  '  one,'  is  an  eduction  (p.  29)  from  the  true  o  of 
old  English  one. 

In  'organ-ise'  the  suflBx  is  -ise,  but  in  ana-ly-se  y  belongs  to  the 
stem.  The  verb  'analyse'  is  in  this  case  due  rather  to  the  French  noun 
analyse  (Gr.  analysis)  than  to  the  French  verb  analyser.  Analysis  is 
a  solving  (ana)  back;  an  unraveling. 

Piqiil.  Why,  in  the  case  of  sepul-chre,  was  not  the  stem  made 
shorter  than  sepul-?  Ans.  Probably  because  the  author  could  not 
determine  whether  to  separate  a  prefix  *se-,'  as  in  se-clude  (p.  45),  or 
a  suflBx  '-ul,'  as  in  tum-ul-us  (p.  48). 

Allied  forms  like  re-mit,  re-miss;  ad-mit,  ad-missible;  re-cede,  re-cess; 
in-vert,  inverse;  mord-ant,  re-morse — are  explained  under  Representa- 
tion, p.  33. 

The  foregoing  examples  present  a  preliminary  view  of  the  following 
afiixes. 

Prefixes — a-  ab  abs,  ad  as-,  be-,  co-  con-  col-  com-  cor-,  de,  di-  dis- 
dif-,  e-  ex,  in  im-,  in-,  en-,  per,  pre-,  pro,  re-,  se-.  (15) 

Suffixes a,  -able,  -ace,  -ac:i-ous,  -ac:i-ty,  -age,  -ain  (an),  -al,  -ant, 

-ar,  -ar-y,  -ate,  -at-ion,  -ble,  -bri-ous,  -d,  -dom,  -ed,  -el,  -en  v,  -en  a, 
-ence,  -ens-il,  -ent,  -er,  -em,  -ess,  -et  a,  -et-ic,  -ful,  -fy,  A-,  A-a,\,  ^i-ble, 
-ic,  -ice,  -icity,  -id,  *i-ent,  -ig-ate,  -ignant,  -11,  -ile,  -il-it-y,  -ine,  -ing, 
-ion,  -ish,  -it,  -it-ate,  -ite,  -it-ion,  -ive,  -ix,  -le,  -n  v.  infin.,  -oid,  -or, 
-or-ous,  -OS,  -ose,  -ous,  -t,  't-ary,  -t:i-al,  -t-ion,  -t-or,  -t-ude,  -t-um,  -ty, 
-u-(formative),  -ude,  -u-it-ous,  -ul-ous,  -ul-us,  -ul-um,  -um,  -und,  -untary, 
-ute,  -ure,  -us,  -y.  (83) 

6  D 


50 


CHAPTER  8.    AFFIXES. 

Affixes  are  additions  to  roots,  stems,  and  words,  in- 
tended to  modify  their  meaning. 

In  some  cases  an  afiSx  modifies  only  the  form  of  a  word,  like  the 
e-  of  e-squire  (for  squire,  p.  29)  and  connective  -t-  in  ego-t-ist  (p.  30). 

Affixes  (p.  42)  are  of  two  kinds  of  which  the  prefixes 
are  placed  before,  and  the  suffixes  after  the  word-bases 
they  modify. 

We  have  seen  under  Dimorphism  (p.  24)  that  a  word 
may  in  time   acquire   several   forms   and   meanings,  as 

*  corsair '  and  '  courser,'  and  in  many  other  cases,  although 
we  may  know  the  parts  of  which  a  word  is  composed, 
their  primary  meaning  will  not  give  us  the  actual  or  the 
figurative  signification.     For  example — 

A  'headstrong'  (or  self-willed)  man  may  have  a  weak  head.     To 

*  reach  over'  is  not  to  *  overreach,'  to  'come  over'  is  not  to  'overcome,' 
and  a  'set  up'  differs  from  an  'upset.* 

In  modern  music,  the  longest  note  is  named  '  semibreve,'  because  it 
was  once  huff  of  a  brief  note  called  a  breve.  The  next  longest  note  is 
named  'minim'  (Lat.  minimus  least),  because  it  indicated  the  shortest 
note  used  when  the  term  was  adopted. 

The  month  October,  which  we  now  make  the  teiUh,  was  named  when 
it  was  counted  as  (octo  eight)  the  eighth  month  of  the  Roman  year. 

In  some  words  'in-'  means  not,  as  in  'incorrect'  and  'impossible;' 
but  instead  of  not  famous — 'in'famous'  means  detestable,  and  'im'pious' 
means  tcicked. 

The  meaning  of  an  affix  may  become  obscured  or  lost, 
as  in  the  case  of  the  Arabic  article  al-  (or  el-)  the,  which 
distinguishes  '  alchemy '  from  *  chimistry '  only  as  a  dif- 
ferent word,  and  on  this  account  such  an  affix  becomes 
verbal. 


AFFIXES. 


51 


Some  stems  take  a  suffix  where  others  take  a  prefix, 
as  in — 


author-ise,  em-power 
vili-fy,  de-fame 
rati-fy,  con-firm 


life-less,  in-animate 
heed-less,  neg-lig-ent 
faith-less  perfid-i-ous 


sour-ish,  sub-acid 
sinful,  im-pious 
tum-ult,  up-roar. 


Affixes   are   absent   from   many   English   words,   and 
present  in  their  Latin-English  equivalents,  as  in — 


dull,  torp-id 
drive,  im-pel 
get,      re-ceive 


get,     ob-tain 
go,      pro-gress' 
raise,  e-lev-ate 


guess,  con-jec't-ure 
rob,       de-pred-ate 
choke,  suf-foe-ate 


In  the  first  of  the  following  columns  the  suffixes  are 
English,  opposite  to  which  stand  words  with  suffixes  of 
about  the  same  meaning,  derived  from  Latin,  as  -ty  of 
liber-ty  from  -tas  of  liber-t-as.  They  are  mutually 
explanatory  and  show  the  range  of  correspondence  in 
meaning,  but  they  must  not  be  regarded  as  exact  equiv- 
alents. 

Live-ly  and  viv-id  are  equally  adjectival ;  flow-ing  and 
flu-ent  are  participial ;  mov-er  and  mo-tor  are  nouns ; 
mot-ive  is  primarily  an  adjective,  as  in  "motive  power," 
but  in  the  expression  "a  good  motive,"  it  becomes  a 
noun ;  and  a  "  preventive  remedy  "  is  sometimes  called  a 
"  preventive." 


drunk-ard, 
nigg-ard, 
begg-ar-y, 

col-d  a. 

kin-d  a. 

kin-d  n. 


inebri-ate 

mis-er 

mendic-ancy 

gel-id 

gen:t-le 

gendrer 

sor:t 


thral-dom,       serv:i-t-ude 
free-dom,    ex-emp-t-ion 
free-dom,         liber-ty 
king-dom,  monarch-y  (Gr.) 
tin-dou-6't-ed    in-du-b-it-able 
fix-ed,        station-ary 


kin-d  n, 
kin-d  H,        speckles 
floo-d,         in-und-at-ion 
Pope-dom  Pap-acy  -atia 

prince-dom    princip-al.:i-ty 
wis-dom,       sap*i-ence 


curv-ed 

parch-ed, 

crippl-ed, 

un-de-fin-ed 

ad-join-ed 

trav-el, 


eurv-ate 
ar-id 
de-crep-it 
in-de-fin-ite 
ad-junc't 
itiner-ate 


52 

AFFIXES. 

kern -el, 

nuc-le.us 

gain-ful, 

pro-fit-able 

heath-en, 

pag-an 

law-ful. 

leg-al 

heath-en. 

ethn-ic 

■wake-ful 

vig-il-ant 

warr-en. 

viv-ar^i.um 

need-ful. 

ne-cess-ary 

warr-en. 

viv-ar=y 

ire-ful 

ir-ate 

clov-en, 

sulc-ate 

neg-lec=t-ful 

neg-lig-ent 

leng-th-en 

e-long-ate 

mirth -ful. 

com-ic 

hidd-en. 

secr-et 

fear-ful. 

tim-id 

hidd-en, 

lat-ent 

frui..^t-ful 

fer-t-ile 

hidd-en. 

re-cond'-ite 

un-law-ful, 

il-lic-it 

soft-en. 

moll.:i-fy 

de-cei..=t-ful      i 

de-cep-t-ive 

rott-en. 

putr-id 

fret-ful. 

mor-ose 

barr-en. 

ster-ile 

dou?>'t-ful 

dub==i-OMS 

sull-en, 

mor-ose' 

fruit- ful. 

fec-und 

wood-en. 

lign#e-ous 

God-head, 

De:i-ty 

brok-en, 

ab-rup't 

neighbor-hood, 

vicin-age 

drunk-en, 

tem-ul-ent 

false-hood 

fals:i-ty 

arch-er. 

sagitt-ar==i.us 

en-dur-ing 

dur-able 

begg-ar. 

mendic-ant 

pass-ing  n 

.       pass-age 

fal-t-er, 

hes-it-ate 

sav-ing. 

frug-al 

mend-er 

e-mend-at-or 

watch-ing 

vig-il-ance 

re-maind-er 

re-man-ent 

ab-ound-ing 

ab-und-ant 

re-maind-er 

re-m..n-ant 

leav-ing  n, 

,     remn-ant 

neith-er 

neut-er 

swell-ing  71, 

turg-esc-enco 

limb-er. 

pli-able 

flow-ing 

flu-ent 

limb-er. 

pli-ant 

snarl-ing, 

cyn-ic 

limb-er, 

flex:i-ble 

burn-ing. 

torr-id 

limb-er, 

flex-ile 

whirl-ing  ??, 

ver-t-igo 

limb-er. 

flacc-id 

ob-lig-ing. 

civ-il 

pound-er, 

pist-il  (pestle) 

bear-ing 

fer-t-ile 

corn-er. 

ang-le 

wast-ing 

vast-at-ion 

giv-er. 

don-or 

spread-ing. 

expans-ive 

low-er. 

in-fer:i-or 

manag-ing 

manage-ment 

point-er. 

in-dec-s 

tremb-1-ing 

trem-or 

lay-er. 

stra-t-um 

sound-ing 

son-or-ous 

re-maind-er. 

re-sid=^u-um 

sav-ing  H, 

frugal.:i-ty 

re-maind-er. 

re-sid=ue 

will-ing 

vol-unt-ary 

north -em, 

bor^e-al 

hold-ing  H, 

ten-ure 

north-ern, 

arct-io 

brut-al-ise 

brut:i-fy 

di-rec-t-r-ess 

di-rec't-r-ix 

peev-ish. 

irrit-able 

AFFIXES. 

53 

brut-ish 

brut-al 

war-like, 

bell-ic-ose 

hufif-ish, 

ar-rog-ant 

un-like-ly. 

im-prob-able 

woman-ish, 

ef-femin-ate 

live-ly, 

viv-ac:i-ous 

em-bell-ish, 

dee:or-ate 

king-ly. 

reg-al 

garn-ish, 

decor-at-ion 

man-ly. 

bum-an(-iN-us) 

whit-ish, 

alb-esc-ent 

world-ly. 

mund-ane      " 

clown-ish, 

rust-ic 

neighbor-ly, 

famil=^i-ar  (-ar-is) 

freak-ish, 

capr-icious 

will-ing-ly 

vol-unt-ary 

slugg-ish, 

torp-id 

in-stant-ly 

in-stant-er 

fever-ish 

febr-ile 

live-ly. 

viv-id 

pol-ish  n. 

pol-it-ure 

wool-ly 

vill-ose 

child-ish, 

infant-ine 

coward-ly. 

tim-or-oj<s 

thiev-ish, 

furt-ive 

king-ly. 

reg:i.us 

dogg-ish, 

mor-ose  (-os-us) 

bri-m. 

marg:in 

vapor-ish 

vapor-o»s  (-os-us) 

glea-m, 

coruscat-ion 

rak-ish, 

dis-sol-ute 

ste-m. 

cul-m 

knav-ish, 

fraud-ul-ent 

haul-m 

cala-mus 

bul-k, 

quant:i-ty 

gloo-m. 

obscur:i-ty 

grist-le, 

cartil-age  (-ago) 

sea-m 

su-t-ure 

midd-le 

med*i-al 

in-bor-n. 

in-na-te 

wrink-le  v. 

cor-rug-ate 

tough-ness. 

ten-ac:i-ty 

wrink-le  n. 

corrugat-ion 

stubborn-ness. 

obstin-acy 

bund-lo 

fasc-i-cle 

like-ness. 

im-age  (-ago) 

bund-le 

fasc-is 

leaf-i-ness, 

fol=i-age(-ATio) 

bund-le 

fasc-ine 

watch-ful-ness 

vig-il-ance 

pest-le 

pist-il 

flesh-i-ness, 

corp-ul-ence 

nimb-le, 

ag-ile  (-IL-IS) 

mild-ness, 

clem-ency 

bust-le, 

excite-ment 

just-ness 

just-ice  (-Ma) 

bust-le, 

activ:i-ty 

giddi-ness. 

vert-igo 

bust-le. 

tum-ult 

like-ness. 

sim-ile 

pimp-le, 

pust-ule 

like-ness. 

sim-il-ar.i-ty 

thrott-le, 

suf-foc-ate 

like-ness, 

sim-il-it-ude 

thrott-le, 

strang-ul-ate 

like-ness. 

sim-ul=at-ion 

pebb-le, 

cale-ul.us 

devout-ness 

devot-ion 

midd-le 

med^i-um 

sharp-ness. 

acu'-men 

gird-le, 

cinc-t-ure 

wit-ness. 

test-:i-mony(-iu™) 

litt-le, 

min-ute 

pale-ness 

pall-or 

spitt-Ie, 

sali-va 

poo..r-ness 

pover-ty 

moon-let, 

lun-ule 

up-righ-t-ness 

rec'ta-t-ude 

war-like, 

mar:ti-al 

weari-ness, 

taed:=i-um 

5* 

54 


AFFIXES. 


hill-ock, 

tum-ul-us 

stou-t, 

rob-ust 

fag-ot, 

fasc-ine 

shel-ter, 

.  secur:i-ty 

shad-ow, 

umbr-age 

streng-th. 

vig-or 

holl-ow, 

cav:i-ty 

tru-th, 

ver:i-ty 

hat-red, 

ab-horr-ence 

bread-th, 

lat:i-t-ude 

hat-red. 

ranc-or 

gir-th. 

cinc-t-ure 

hat-red, 

anim-os:i-ty 

out-ward,  ex-t-ei'-n-al 

hat-red. 

od==i-um 

out-ward,  ex-t-er:i-or 

bishop-ric 

episcop-ate 

chalk-y. 

cret-ac*e-ous 

friend-ship 

intim-acy 

heart-y 

cord:i-al 

ward-ship, 

pupil-age 

wood-y. 

silv-an  (-anus) 

doctor-ship. 

doctor-ate 

beggar-y,  i 

mendic-ancy 

horseman-ship. 

equit-at-ion 

empt-y, 

vac-ant 

chaplain-ship 

chaplain-cy 

starr-y 

stell-ar  (-Iris) 

fellow-ship. 

commun-ion 

lim-y. 

calc-areous  (-ar- 

prentice-ship. 

serv:i-t-ude 

blood-y,  sanguin-ary        [lus) 

friend-ship, 

ami..-ty 

hurr-y,  v 

< acceler-ate 

delight-some. 

pleas-ant 

angr-y  a 

ir-ate 

lone-some. 

solit-ary 

fault-y, 

culp-a-ble 

whole-some- 

ness,    sal-u-br:i-ty 

earth-y. 

terr-ene 

humor-some, 

capr-icious 

might-y. 

pot-ent 

burden-some, 

oppress-ive 

spring-y, 

elast-ic  (Gr.) 

irk-some. 

tedi-OMS 

stick-y. 

vise-id 

lithe-some, 

(see  limb-er) 

eas-y. 

fac-ile 

gif-t, 

don-at-ion 

sugar-y 

sacchar-ine 

gif-t, 

don-at-ive 

steal-th-y, 

fur-t-ive 

clef-t. 

crev-ice 

drows-y. 

somn-ol-ent 

ligh-t 

luc-id 

knott-y 

nod-ose  (-osus) 

weigh-t. 

grav.:i-ty 

hand-y, 

dext..r-ous 

thrif-t, 

pars:i-mony  (=i 

-a)    sturd-y, 

rob-ust 

higt-t, 

alt:i-t-ude 

read-y, 

promp-t  (-Tus) 

clef-t. 

fiss-ure 

begg-ar-y,  i 

tnendic:i-ty 

stou-t, 

corp-ul-ent 

hair-y, 

hirs-ute 

J  UNIVKKSl  TY   O 

55     ' 

CALIFORNIA. 

PKEFIXES.* 

That  pure  English  and  Latin  English  words  are  not  constructed  upon 
exactly  the  same  model,  is  shown  in  the  following  pairs,  where  the  cor- 
responding parts  appear  in  supposable  words — 

in-de-pend-ent        at-ten==u-ant     magni-fic    -ent       in-anti  -      sta-nt 
un-ofif-hang-ingf      at-thinn-ing  big-mak-ing     not-with-stand-ing:{: 

a-  in,  on,  at,  afield  asliore  astern  a-ITriglit 

a-eltiiowleclge 

aivake  in  a  wakiug  condition,  aislaut  in  a  slant- 
ing direction,     afore  in  a  forward  position. 

aloud  in  a  loud  manner.     It  is  verbal  or  redundant 
in  a-bide,  a-rise. 
AB,    AB-S-,   A-.       a-vert    to    turn    from    or    away. 

abs-trae-t  (trac-)  to  draw  from ;  an  abridgment. 

al>-orig;iiial  from  the  beginning ;  primitive. 
AD.     atl-just  to  fit  to,  put  in  just  j^osition,  ar-range. 

adiulre  (mir-or  I  wonder,)  to  wonder  at. 

al-lliv-i-al  washed  (al-  for  ad)  against,  or  deposited 
by  water,     attraet  to  draw  to ;  allure  ;  entice. 

a-seen«l  (scand-o  I  climb,)  to  climb  to,  rise  up. 

as-sid-u-Oii>S  sitt-ing  (as-  for  ad,)  at,  or  by ;  dili- 
gent. The  d  of  AD  has  disappeared  from  a-scend,  and 
has  been  assimilated  (p.  43)  to  the  next  consonant 
in  ac-count,  af-fix,  ag-glutinate,  al-loc-ate,  an-not-ate, 
ap-portion,  ar-range,  as-simil-ate,  at- tune. 

*  Latin  affixes  are  printed  like  '  POST,'  Greek  like  'ANTI,'  while  '  mis-' 
represents  English,  and  forms  from  other  languages.  '-AB-le '  is  partly  Latin 
and  partly  English,  -le  being  for  -IIj,  as  in  nob-le  noblLiity.  The  portion 
of  the  definitions  in  italic,  defines  the  affix  as  in  "  postscript  something 
written  after" — where  after  defines  'post,'  and  'script'  takes  the  remainder  of 
the  definition.  Latin  prefixes  given  with  hyphens  (such  as  CO-,  CON-,  DIS-) 
are  not  used  as  separate  words,  but  unhyphened  ones  (such  as  de,  ex,  per) 
are  distinct  wofds. 

t  German  un-ab-hang-ig ;  Dutch  on-af-hang-lijk ;  Bohem.  ne-za-wis-ly. 

X  '  With-staud'  means  to  stand  (with-)  against. 


56  PREFIXES. 

AM-,  A]\IB-  [AMBI,  AMPMI^  around,  on  both  sides. 
amputate  (p.  27)  amb-i-ent. 

ANTE  before,    antedate   antediluvian 

ANTI,  ANT-  against,  opposite.  antispasino€lic 
ant-aretie  ant-aeid  antipodeiii 

be-,  beside  by  the  side  of.  becalm  to  make  or 
cause  SL  calm,  betliinli:  to  concentrate  the  thoughts, 
think  specially,  be-  is  commonly  restrictive,  as  in 
bespatter  to  spatter  a  particular  object. 
bespeali  to  speak  for  a  particular  article. 
belie  to  slander  a  particular  person,  besprinkle 
becloud  bedazzle  beauoan  belay 

CIRCUM  around,  about,    circumpolar 

CO-,  COX-,  COM-  &c.     co-equal  equal  with. 
co-operate  to  work  or  act  ivith  or  together. 
consume  to  take  entirely,  devour,  waste,  concave 
quite,  eomp)letely,  or  really  hollow,     col-laudation 
mutual    praise,      com-miserate   to  sorrow  ivith. 
cor-re-spond  to  respond  or  agree  mutually. 
co-gnate  and  con-nate  (gna-t-us,  ..natus  born, 
CO-  with,^  related  by  birth;  allied;  similar. 
corrode  to  gnaw  much. 

CONTRA,  counter,  contradiction  a  speaking 
against,  countermarcli  a  march  in  the  opposite 
direction,     contr-ar-y  opposite ;  adverse. 

DE.  depress  to  press  down,  deflect  to  bend  Jrom 
or  aside,  deject  to  cast  down,  deport  to  carry 
away,  devour  (v5r-are)  to  swallow  completely. 
denounce  to  make  known  or  announce  specially. 
It  is  causative  in  deprave  to  cause  to  be  perverse. 
It  is  restrictive  in  deride  to  laugh  at  a  particular 
object.  In  defi*aud  it  is  verbial,  turning  the  noun 
*  fraud '  into  a  verb.  It  is  verbal  (p.  50)  in  defender 
as  compared  with  *  fender.' 


PREFIXES.  57 

DIA.    dia-mef  er  measure  through. 

(lia-logue  discourse  between  (several  speakers). 
DIS-,  DI-,  DIF-.^     clisjoiii  to  imjoin,  place  apart  or 

asunder,  ^e-parate.     <lis-loeaf  e  to  put  out  of  place. 

cli-s'taiit  stand-ing  from,  off,  or  apart. 

dir-lie-iilt  i<n-fac-ile,  not  easy. 
en,  em-  [the  French  form  of  Lat.  in],     enfold  to 

fold  171.     eiKlorse  (to  write)  on  the  back  (of  a  docu- 
ment.)    eiiipoiver  to  put  in  the  power  of. 
EX,  EC-,  E-,  EF-.^     [ex   is   both   Latin   and   Greek.] 

ex   or   ee-eeiitric    out    of   or   from    the    centre. 

e-deiitate  without  teeth. 

ef-fliieiit  flowing  off,  out,  or  aivay. 
EXTRA  beyond,    extratropieal   extraortlin- 

ary  extr-an^e-ous 
for-,    fore-.       forewarn    (Ger.    ver-warn-en)    to 

ie-warn,  warn  against,     forswear  to  swear  against ; 

renounce  on  oath;   swear  falsely,     foredoom  (old 

Ger.  far-tom-jan)  to  doom  thoroughly,  or  entirely. 
fore-  before,  in  front,  beforehand,    foresee  foresail 
IN-,  un-  7iot,  ivithoid,  contrary  to,  want  of.    i-gno-r-ant 

(i-    for    IN-    not,    gno-sc-ere,    ..noscere    to    know,) 

unlinoiidng.      nn-   or    in-eonstant    il-legal 

im-probable  ir-religion  innninerable 
IN.     inclose  to  shut  in,  contain,     il-lnminate  to 

throw  light  on  or  upon. 
INTER  between,     interline  intertropical 
mis-  wrongly,  ill.     misapply   misfortune 
N-,  NE   not.     ne-nter   not   (ut-er)  e«th-er,  n-either. 

n-ullity  n-auglit  no-tliing 
OB.     object  something  set  before,  against,  in  the  way. 

op-press  to  press  upon  or  against. 

obliterate  (lTttera  a  pen  mark,)  to  blot  out. 

obconic  conic  inversely,  or  downwards. 


58  PREFIXES. 

PER,  PEL-^.     per-foliate  (as  a  stem  passing)  through 
a  leaf.     l>el-liiei<l  shining  through. 
per-jiire  to  swear  through  (and  beyond)  the  truth. 
perplex  (plex-us  tangled)  to  entangle  thoroughly. 

PERI  around,  about,     periplirav^e  circumlocution. 

POLY-  many,    polysyllable  polypetalous 

POST  after,     post-seript  written  after. 

PRE-,  pre-eiuiiaeiit  eminent  before  all ;  very  em- 
inent,    prejudiee  judgment  beforehand. 

PRO.      pro-iiioiit-ory   a  mount-ain  jutting  forth. 
pro-logiie  a  speech  before  the  main  piece. 
pro-sper  (spes  hope,  spePvO  I  hope,)  to  be  in  ac- 
cordance with  hope.     In  prououu,  proconsul, 
pro-  means  for,  instead  of. 

RE-.  re-iiov-ate  or  re-iie^v  to  make  new  agaiJi. 
respleiiclent  shining  back;  shining  much;  very 
splendid. 

respire   to   breathe  again  and   agairi,  hence,  con- 
tinuously. 

RETRO-,     retroact  to  act  backward,  or  in  opposition. 

S-  intensive,  sometimes  strengthened  with  another  con- 
sonant. 


scoop  cup 

smelt  melt 

snip  nip 

spread  broad 

slight  light 

scruh  rub 

spike  peg 

swirl  whirl 

smash  mash 

st-roll  roll 

spine  pin 

sq-uirm  worm 

SE-.     se-leet  (leg-ePvE)  to  lay  aside  or  apart. 
secure  safe,  free  from  or  without  (cijea)  care. 

SEMI-,  EEMI-.  seiultone  or  laeiuitoue  half  a 
tone,     seilltflltid  somewhat  fluid. 

SUB,  (and  by  assimilation — sue-,  suf-,  sug-,  sum-,  sup-, 
SUR-,)  SUBS-  or  SU..S,  where  b  is  lost,  as  in  su-. 
sub-inar-ine  under  the  sea.  sup-port  to  carry 
from  beneath,  hence,  to  bear  iqi.  subangular  nearly, 
or  somewhat  angular,     suffix  to  place  after  or  under. 


PREFIXES.  59 

subdivide  to  divide  farther,  or  into  smaller  parts. 

su-spect,  su..s-tain,  su^-gest,  sum-mon  ('  mon '    of  ad- 

mon-ish),  sur-rog-ate. 
SUBTER.     subterliuent  flowing  below,  beneath,  or 

under. 
SUPER,  SUPRA  [Gr.  HYPER;  Eng.  over;  Fr.  su..r 

for  super],    supeniatiiral  above  or  beyond  nature. 

supra-orbital  above  or  over  the  orbit  (of  the  eye). 
hypercritical  beyond  (just)  criticism ;  over-critical. 
su..r-plus  overplus. 
SYN.     syntliesis  a  placing  with  or  together;   union 

of  parts  to  form  a  whole. 
TRANS,    TRAN-,    TRA-.      trans-moutaue     or 

tra-montane  across,  over,  or  beyond  the  mountains; 

north  of  the  Alps  ;  not  Italian. 

tre..s-pass  to  pass  beyond  (the  lawful  limit)  ;   to 

transgress. 

trau-scribe  to  write  over  again,  re-write. 
ULTRA,     ultraiuoutaue   beyond   the   mountains; 

south  of  the  Alps ;  Italian. 
un-  [a  form  of  IN-  nof].     uuuierciful  not  merciful; 

without  mercy ;  merci/ess.     uu-(or  iiu-)passable 
UNI-  one.   uuicoru  an  animal  with  one  (cornu)  horn. 
witli-.     ivitlistand  to  stand  against,     ivitbliold 

to  hold/ro?)i  or  back. 


60 


SUFFIXES. 


-A.  [A  Gr.  and  Lat.  noun-suffix  of  the  nominative  case, 
often  omitted  in  English,  as  in  ruin-a,  poem-a,  epoch-a.] 
area  arena  corolla  laria  drama 

-A.     [Lat.  and  Gr.  plurals.]     synoiiynia  synonyms. 

-AB-le,  -IB-le.     [-ab-il-is,  -ib-il-is.     See  -B-Le.] 
movable  that  may  be  moved. 
cred-il>le  ivorthy  of  credit  or  belief 
ed-il>le  fit  to  be  eaten,     forcible  full  of  force. 

-AC,  -IC,  -ique,  -0C-.     [Lat.,  Gr.,  see  -IG-.] 

di-daC't-ic  (di-  reduplicative)  instructit^e;  employed 
in  or  adapted  to  instruction,  man^i-ac  affected  by 
mania  or  madness,  critique  the  act  or  work  of  a 
critic,     ferocious  fier-ce,  like  (fer-a)  a  wild  beast. 

-ace,  -ac-y  [Lat.  -at-],  preface  pr^-fa-t^i-o 
(fa-ri  to  speak,)  something  said  (pr.e)  before;  a 
preliminaiy  discourse,  obstinacy  ob-stin-at^i-o  a 
(STANs)  standing  (ob)  against ;  stubbornness. 

-AC-y.  [Lat.,  Gr.].  coii-tum-acy  (tum-ere  to 
swell,  be  tum-id,)  a  state  of  being  puffed  up ;  contempt 
of  lawful  authority. 

-AC-e-ous,  -AC:i-ous.  crustaceous  having  a  crust; 
crust-^i^e. 

cai>-aC:i-oils  having  cap-ac:i-ty ;  capaS^e  of  holding. 
ver-ac:i-OUS  observant  of  ver-ac-i-ty  or  truthfulness. 

-AC-Le,  -IC-Le  agent,  place,  oracle  (or-are  to  speak, 
pray,)  the  person  who  announces;  a  prophetic  announce- 
ment, and  the  place  where  it  is  made,  or-ac-iil-ar 
pertaining  to  an  oracle. 

-ad,  -atle  [see  -ATe.]  arc-ade  something  arch-ed 
or  arcu-ATe ;  a  row  of  arches. 


SUFFIXES.  61 

-age  n.  collective.  [French,  due  to  several  Latin  forms.] 
herbage  herbs  collectively,  coinage  coins  in  the 
aggregate.  iTharfage  charge  for,  or  space  on,  a 
wharf,     parentage  the  condition  of  a  parent. 

-AL,  -EL,  -IL  a.     fluvial  relating  to  or  pertaining  to 
(fluvius)  a  river. 
doc-ile  that  may  he  taught ;  teach-a6/e. 

-AN,  -ANe  -INe,  a.n.\l^  particip.]    African  of  Africa. 
urban  pertaining  to  (urbs)  a  city. 
urbane  city-like;  polite. 

-ANce,  -ANcy,  -ENce  -ENcy.  [-ant^i-a,  -ent^i-a.] 
providence  the  quality  or  the  act  of  pro-vid-ing, 
foreseeing,  or  of  being  pro-vid-ENT  or  pru..dent ;  a  fore- 
seem^,     silence  the  result  of  or  state  of  being  silent. 

-ANT,  -ENT,  pro-vid-ent,  pru..dent  ^m\\(\ing; 
having  the  quality  of  foreseeing ;  the  being  or  existing 
of  foresight,     assailant  one  who  assails. 
absorbent  that  which  absorbs. 

-AK,  -AR-y  [-AR-IS,  neut.  -are.]     angular  ^er^amm^ 
to,  or  like,  an  angle. 
luminary  [-are]  that  which  gives  light. 

-ARy,    -ORy    [-ar-i-us,    or-i-us.]      testamentary 
relating  to  a  "will  or  testament,     lionorary  confer- 
ring honor,     illusory  promoting  illusion. 
statuary  (-arius)  a  maker  of  statues. 
commeiatary  (-ARiu"")  a  collection  of  comments. 
observatory  (oriu")  a  ^^^aee  for  observation. 

-ATe,  -AT-.  [T  participial  preceded  by  a  formative 
vowel.]  roseate  having  the  quality  of,  or  like  a  rose. 
cert:i-fic-ate  7i.  that  which  certifies  or  is  certified. 
regulate  to  make  or  cause  to  be  regular,  or  according 
to  rule. 

-B,  -F,  -P,  -V-,  -U-,  formative,  [implying  to  produce,  have, 
get;   also   indicating  nouns.]     mor-b-id   (morbus 
6 


62  SUFFIXES. 

disease,  mSrior  I  die,)  diseased,  tending  towards  death. 

ef-flii-v-i-uin,  flu-v-i-al,  from  flu-ere  to  flow. 

V  and  i  formative,     iioc-il-oiis  (noc-ere  to  injure) 

producing  harm ;  hurtful,  cliir-p  a  chirr-ing  sound. 
-B..Le,  -B-IL-  [B  formative,  commonly  with  a  preceding 

vowel.]     terr*i-ble  causing  terror,    edible  fit  to 

be  eaten. 
-C-   genetic.     fa-C-Uiifl    (fa-ri   to   speak,)  producing 

speech ;    eloquent.      mbi-c-lliicl    having    redness ; 

reddenm^'. 
-C-le,  -C-EL,  -C-UL-.     art-i-cle  {i  connective)  a  little 

(artus)  joint ;  a  clause ;  an  agreement. 

particle  {i  genitive)  a  small  part. 

aiiiiiial-ciile  a  minute  animal. 
-d,  -t  [see  -ATe.]     dril^t  that  which  drives,  or  is  driven ; 

the  result  of  driving,     dee-d  that  which  is  do-ne. 
-doiu.     dukedom  the  domain  of  a  duke. 

tliraldoni  the  condition  of  a  thrall  or  slave. 

martyrdom  the  act  of  a  martyr. 
-E-,  -I-,  -y  formative,  [sometimes  confused  with  -I  geni- 
tive.]    ros-e-ate  having  the  quality  of  roses. 

igil-e-OllS  having  the  quality  of,  pertaining  to,  or 

caused  by  (ignis)  fire.    lal>-i-al  pertaining  to  the  lips. 

reg:i-lis  pertaining  to  a  king ;  regal. 
-ed  2)P-  ^-  [Norman  -ed.     See  -ATe,  -ad,  -d,  -t.] 

rounded  made  round,     bearded  furnished  (or 

provided)  with  a  beard,  pressed  was  under  pressure. 
-ee  n.  [A  French  form  of  -ATe,  -ed.]     graut-ee  one 

to  whom  something  has  been  granted 

ex-pos-e  (Fr.  e  has  the  power  in  '  they ')  that  which 

is  exposecZ,  or  made  public. 

In  comparing  the  following  derivative  nouns,  it  will  be 
observed  that  in  but  one  case  does  it  happen  that  the 
derivative  forms  are  different  and  at  the  same  time  de- 


SUFFIXES. 


63 


rived  from  the  verb  in  the  first  column.  From  'pay' 
are  derived  *  payer '  and  '  payee,'  while  '  pay '  is  repeated 
for  the  (wages,  earnings,  cash,)  object  pai-d.  Under 
'give'  the  thing  giv-en  is  a  'gif-t,'  but  Latin  supplies 
*  receiver '  and  *  presentation,'  and  in  the  next  example 
the  object  given  is  commonly  called  a  *  donation.' 


Verb, 

active  «, 

,  object  -ed. 

passive  n, 

act  of  -ing, 

place. 

pay  v. 

give 

thieve 

payer 
giver 
thief 

pay  n. 

gift 
(theft) 

payee 

receiver 

receiver 

payment 

presentation 

stealth 

donate 

donor 

donative 

donee 

donation 

bind 

sell 

vend 

binder 

seller 

vender 

bond 
goods 
merchandise 

victim 
buyer 
vendee 

bondage 

sale 

vendue 

market 
magazine 
■  emporium 
shop 

deal 
lend 

dealer 
lender 

ware 
loan 

purchaser 
debtor 

traffic 
credit 

work 

worker 

work,  labor 

employer 

employment 

■eer,  -ier,  n.  [-ARy.]    eliaiidelier  a  support  for 

candles,  engineer  a  contriver  and  adapter  of  en- 
gines. An  engine-driver  is  not  an  engineer,  and  an 
organ-blower  is  not  an  organist. 

■EL,  see  -AL  and  -L. 

■en,  a.  [see  -ANe.]     golclen   made  of,  or  like  gold. 
leatlier-n  terr-ene 

■en  V.     deafen  to  make,  or  to  become  deaf,    daif-n 
to  become  day. 

-ENT,  -ENce,  -ENcy,  see  ANT,  &c. 

■er,  V.  frequentative,     cliatter  to  chat  much,  or  con- 
tinuously. 

-ER,  adjectival,    ne-ut-er  or  n-eitli-er 
in-teg-er  or  en-ti..re  in-teg-r:i-ty 

■er,  -OR,  a.  more,     larger  more  large. 
inferior  low-er. 

-ER,   -R,   -OR,   etc.,  n.   agential,    feeder    robber 
fig-nre   mart^yr  doll-ar  beggar  donor 


64  SUFFIXES. 

-EK-    [E    and    R    formative.]       cavern    (cav-e-a, 

cav-er-ka)  a  placed  cav-ed  or  ex-cav-at-ed. 

iiUHi-er-OUS  consisting  of  many. 
-er-n,  a.  iiortlierii  toward,  in,  or  at  the  north. 
-ESCe,  V.    deliquesce  to  become  liquid,    a.  -esc-ent 

n.  esc-eiace 
-ess,  n.  fern,  [-ix,  Fr.  -esse.]    heiress    priestess 

lioiaess 
-ess,  n.  [-Ma,  Fr.  esse,  see  -ice.]  fortress    finesse 

proiulse 
-est  a.  most    soonest   widest   nio-st 
-EST  a.  [*S,  -T.]     modest  according  to  mode  or  pro- 
priety. 
-et,  'etie^  -1-et,  n.  dim.  [Fr.]  eagl-et   ros-ette 

eye-l-et 
-FIG  a.  [fac^i-o  I  make.]     terri-fic  causing  terror. 
-FICe,  n.  [-Fic=i-u°'.]     arti-fice   something  made  or 

done  with  art. 
-Fy  V.  [fac^i-o.]     pur:i-fy  to  make  or  cause  to  be  pure. 
-liood   n.  condition.     [Gothic   *  haidus '   kind,  mode.] 

manbood  Oodltead 
-I  genitive,     ret-i-fbrin  having  the  form  (ret-e,  gen. 

RET-is)  of  a  net.    liorticnltnre  p.  40. 
-I  n.  pi.    radi-i  pi.  of  radius,    foci  pi.  of  focus. 
-I  formative  [see  E  formative.]    compare  gen*i-us  with 

*  genus '  and  f  un^e-real  with  '  funeral.' 
-I-  connective  [p.  3*0.]     stell-i-ferous  bearing  (stellI 

a  star,  stell^)  stars,    al-i-ger-ons  p.  46. 
-IG  a.  [-AG.]     nietall-ic  like,  made  of,  or  due  to  metal. 

med-ic,  nied-ic-al  related  or  adapted  to  healing. 

-JO  is  common  in  words  derived  from  Greek,  as  in 

the  following  pairs,  where  it  is  represented  by  several 

forms — 


SUFFIXES.  65 

centr-ic  centr-al  spher-ic,  glob-ul-ar  ethn-ic,  heath-en 

chron-ic,  dur-able  en-erg-et-ic,  strens^u-ous  satan-ic,  devil-ish 

com-ic,  mirth-ful  metaphor-ic,  figur-at-ive  rhetor-ic,  orator^y 

cyn-ic,  snarl-ing  ocean-ic,  mar-ine  stypt-ic,  a-string-ent 

-ice  ?i.    service  (servitiu"'  n.  neut.)  the  condition  of 

one  who   serves,     justice   (justitia   n.   fern.)   the 

quality  of  being  just. 
-ID  a.  [akin  to  -ATe.]     flu-id  having  the  quality  of 

flow-ing.     Some  of  these  adjectives  have  corresponding 

nouns  in  -or,  and  adjectives  in  -nt,  as — 


alg-or 

algid 

langu-oi 

•  langu-id 

cand-or 

-id 

-ent 

hum-or 

hum-id 

rig-or 

rig-id 

splend-or 

-id 

-ent 

stup-or 

stup-id 

liqu-or 

liqu-id 

flu-or 

-id 

-ent 

torp-or 

torp-id 

liv-or 

liv-id 

ferv-or 

-id 

-ent 

tum-or 

tum-id 

pall-or 

pall-id 

horr-or 

-id 

-ent 

tep-or 

tep-id 

sap-or 

sap-id 

val-or 

-id 

-iant 

squal-or 

squal-id 

ard-or 

ard-ent 

fulg-or 

-id 

-ent 

-IG-  [see  -AC.     Akin  to  ag-ere  to  do,  ac-t,  conduct.] 
iiav-ig-af  e  to  conduct  (nav-is)  a  ship, 
f  UMi-ig-ate  to  imbue  with  (fum-us)  smoke. 
pur-ge  to  make  (pur-us)  pure. 

-IL,  -ILe  [-iL-is.]  fissile  that  may  he  (fissus)  split ; 
readily  split,  fossil  that  is  or  may  be  (foss-us)  dug, 
as  fossil  or  mineral  coal. 

-INe,  -IN-,  [see  -ANe.]  viperiue  pertaining  to,  or 
like  a  viper. 

-ing  n.  [Angl.  -ung,  -ing ;  akin  to  -IG.]  reckouing 
that  ivhich  we  reckon  ;  a  calcula^io?i ;  the  act  of  or  result 
of  SL  calculation,     bagg-ing  material  for  bags. 

-ing  participial  [Angl.  -ende,  Ger.  -end.]  living  con- 
tinuing to  live.  This  -ing  is  unconnected  with  the 
noun-suffix  -ing,  for  which  it  was  mistaken. 

-ION  n.  opinion  that  ivhich  we  believe,  or  suppose. 
union  oneiiess;  a  being  (un-us,  gen.  unius,)  one. 

6  *  E 


66  SUFFIXES. 

vi'S-ion   (viD-ERE,   vis-ij"  to  see,)   the  power  of 

seeing ;  perception  by  the  eye. 

The  suffix  -ion  is  in  most  cases  preceded  by  participial 
'T  or  'S,  as  in  '  salvATion,'  which,  in  being  referred  to 
SALV-ARE  (to  save,  make  safe,)  must  not  be  assumed  to 
mean  "  a  state  of  being  safe  " — but  the  force  of  the  T  should 
be  included,  and  the  word  defined  as  "  a  state  of  being 
saved."  Similarly,  when 'vision '  is  defined  as  "the  act 
of  seeing,"  ac-t  is  rather  a  definition  of  -s-ion  than  of  -ion. 
-ise,  -iae  v.  [Fr.  -iser.]     apolog'i§»e  to  offer  (give, 

make)  an  apology,     tyrannise  to  practice  tyranny, 

imitate  a  tyrant,     poetise  to  versify. 
-isli  V.  [Fr.  fin-iss-ant,  Eng.  fin-ish-ing.]     di-miii-isli 

to  make  (min-us)  less,  by  (di-)  separation. 

lisBisli  to  bring  to  (fin-is)  an  end. 
"isli  a.  [-ISC-,  Angl.  -isc]     ivliitisli  somewhat  white. 

^voliisli  like  a  wolf  tliievisli  addicted  to  thieving. 
-ISK  n.  dimin.  [-isc-us.]     asterisk  a  little  (aster) 

star ;  a  star-shaped  mark  of  reference. 
-ISM,  -ASM  n.  [-S,  -M.]     barbarism  the  condition, 

act,  or  idiom  of  a  barbarian. 
'1ST,  -AST  n.  [-S,  -T.]     tlieorist  one  who  theorises. 
-ITe,   -IT-    [see   -ATe.]       granite    a    grain-ecZ    rock. 

gran-it-oitl  like  granite.     ann-n:i-t-y  pay  by 

the  (ann-us)  year. 
-IVe  a.,  n.  [akin  to  B  formative.]     delusive  having 

the   quality   of  deluding;   tending   to,  or   having   the 

power  to  delude,     eaptive  (cap-t-iv-us)  he  who  is 

captured.     eaptiv:i-ty  the  condition  of  a  captive. 
-IX,  -ess  n.  fem.  directi'ix,  direetress  she  who 

directs. 
-It  n.  a.     talk  tell    plan-k  plain    yol-k  yell-ow 

lan-k  lean  liark  hear 
kin  n.  dim.     napkin  a  small  (Fr.  nappe)  tablecloth. 


SUFFIXES.  67 

-L,  -EL,  -le,  &c.,  n.  dim.     liernel  a  small  corn. 

-L  frequentative,     nibble  to  nip  often,  or  continuously. 

-L  n.  agent,  implement,    lad-le  an  implement  for  lading. 

Jg@"  L  of  various  powers  is  common  to  Greek,  Latin, 

and  Teutonic. 
-less  a.     endless  icithout  end,  infinite. 

heedless  W7ilieeding,  7iot  heeding,  ?ie^ligent. 

tootliless  e-dentate.  nameless  an-onym-ous. 
-ling;  n.  underling  one  who  is  under  authority. 
-ly,  like  a.     frien<lly  like  (in  the  manner  of), a 

friend,     lieartily  in  a  hearty  manner. 
-M  participial,  and  noun,     glea-m  that  which  glows. 
-MEN,  -MENT    [-M.]      speeiiuen    a   sample    for 

in-spec-tion. 

judgment  the  power  or  the  result  of  judging. 
-N  participial  and  adjectival  [see  -AN.]     doe  trine 

that  which  is  (authoritatively)  taught,     (doc-ere  to 

teach  ;  doctor  a  teacher.) 
-ness  n.     goodness  the  quality  of  being  good. 
-O-  connective,     plan-o-convex    ge-o-graphy 
-  0-  genitive.     pbravSe-o-logy    aer-o-naut 
-oek  n.  dim.     Itilloek  hill    liummoek  hump 
-OID  a.  n.    spheroid  (a  mass)  someu'hat  like  a  sphere. 
-on,  -oon  large,     button  bud    balloon  ball 
-oon  small,     eoeoon  a  small  (Fr.  coque)  shell. 
-OR  n.  error  an  erring  or  wanderi?i^.  favor  kindiiess. 
-OSe,  -OuS  a.  [-os-rs. j    acetose,  aeetous  full  of  acid. 
-oUS  a.  [-LS.]     otlorous  (odorus)  having  odor. 
-R  formative,     i-gno-r-ant  un-knotu-ing. 
-Ry,  -ERy  n.   [-ARy.]     soldiery   the   aggregate  of 

soldiers,     thievery  the  practice  of  thieving, 
-s,  -es  pi.  boxes  honors  penee  beaux  these 

The  plural  ladi-es  adds  -es  to  old  English  ladi. 
-S  particip.     fal-se  fail,     repul-se  repel. 


68 


SUFFIXES. 


■^onie  a.  [Goth,  sama  like ;  Eng.  same,  similar,  semi-] 
iue<lclle!§iOi]ie  addicted  to  meddling. 

ivSlolesOMie  causing,  or  consistent  with  health. 
luettlesoiue  having  mettle. 
-T,  'D,-  participial,   indic-at-ing  completeness;  an   act 
finished;    the    act-or,   quality    (as    acute    or    acid,) 
fitness,  attribute. 


bla-s-t  blow 
cleft  cleave 
deed  do 
fault  fail 


gol-d  yellow- 
gilt  gild 
guilt  guile 
hilt  hold 


lost  lose 
seed  sow 
theft  thief 
weight  weigh 


'T-ER,-T-R-,  -T-OR,  -S-OR  n.  [fem.  -teix,  neut.  -trum.] 

obstructor  or  obstructer  he  who,  or  thai  which 

obstructs. 

-tb  11.  [akin  to  -T.]     bealtb  hale    gro^vth  grow 

'T-UDe  n.  l>leu:i-tude  the  quality  of  being  full.     In 

meaning,  -tude,  -ty,  and  -ness  nearly  agree.     Compare — 

dubiety- 
infinity, 
parvity, 
plenty 
serenity, 

-Ty  n.  ['T,  -t-as  ;  Fr.  -te,  -tee ;  old  Eng.  -te,  -tee  (=tay), 
whence  *te'  has  remained  in  plen-te-ous,  boun-te-ous, 
beau-te-ous.]  liberty  the  state  of  being  (liber)  free. 
meiidac:i-ty  false/iooc?,  lym^.  iueiidic:i-ty  the 
condition  of  a  (mendicus)  beggar ;  beggar?/,  indigence. 
lucidity  splendor,  isodality  fellows/izp,  com- 
mune o?i.  tiuiidity  cowardice,  fearful?iess.  In  mean- 
ing, -Ty  and  -ness  agree  closely,  as  in — 


incertitude, 

infinitude 

parvitude 

plenitude 

serenitude 


doubtfulness 

boundlessness 

littleness 

fullness 

calmness 


acidity,  sourness 
aridity,  dryness 
audacity,  boldness 
celerity,  swiftness 
felicity,  happiness 


ferocity  fierceness 
fertility  fruitfulness 
frigidity,  coldness 
lenity,  mildness 
lucidity,  brightness 


opacity  opaqueness 
paucity  fewness 
velocity,  swiftness 
vicinity,  nearness 
vivacity,  liveliness 


SUFFIXES.  69 

-U-  formative  [see  B.]    con-tig-n-ous  vac-u-iim 
re^td-ii-uin    aim-u-al 

-ULe,  UL-  n.  adj.  dim.     [masc.  -ul-us,  fem.  -ul-a,  neut. 

-UL-UM.]     nodule  a  little  knot  or  node,     nebnla 

a  small  (nub-es)  cloud.     r..ule  (reg-ul-a)  an  imjyle- 

ment  with  which  to  rule  or  reg-ul-ate. 
-ULr.    virulent  full  of  (viR-f s)   poison,    ricl-ic- 

ul-ous  causing  (rid-ere)  to  laugh ;  laughable. 
-UM  n.  [Latin   neuters.]     ad<l-en<l-uin  that  which 

(-end)  is  to  he  added.  PI.  addend-a  or  addendum^ 
-UNT-  [akin  to  -ANT.]    vol-unt-ar-y  (vol-o  I  will,) 

acting  from  choice. 
-URe  n.     tenure  (texi^o  I  hold,)  a  \io\diing;  the  con- 
dition by  which  a  tenant   holds.     The  suffix  -ure  is 

commonly  enforced  by  -T  or  -S,  as  in  su-t»ure  a 

a  state  of  being  sew-e^;  a  sea-m. 
-US,  -  0>S^  n.  [mostly  masc]     eireus   genus   eliaos 
-UTe  [akin  to  -ATe,  with  U  formative.]     aeute  pointec?, 

sharp,     minute   small,     (min-u-o   I   make  small, 

di-min-ish.) 
-ivard  a.  adv.  rearivard  in  the  direction  of  the  rear. 
-ivays,  -^vise  adv.  manner,  direction,     crossivays 

or  erossivise 
-y  n.  diminutival,    baby    duelcy    birdie 
-y  n.  a.  [for  I  formative.]     lionorary  (see  -ARy.) 
-y  a.  [Angl.  -ig ;  Lat.  -ic]     bloody   imbued  with  or 

covered  with  blood. 


70 

[VEHsir^    Of 
VLIFOKMA. 


CHAPTEK  9.    DERIVATION. 

The  tables  given  in  the  seventh  chapter  will  have 
taught  the  learner  that  *  fame '  (p.  43)  is  the  stem  of 
fam-ous,  and  '  feud '  the  stem  of  de-feud  and  of-fend,  and 
if  it  were  possible  to  find  simpler  forms  behind  these,  we 
might  consider  such  forms  to  be  roots.  But  if  the  d  of 
*  fend '  is  educed  (p.  29)  from  the  n,  it  is  no  part  of  a  root. 

In  the  case  of  fa-me,  the  m  is  a  suffix  (as  in  bloo-m 
from  *  blow,')  and  the  stem  takes  participial  t  in  fa-te  (a 
spoken  inevitable  decree).  Here  the  stem  FA  (fah  as  in 
farm)  is  so  simple  that  we  might  call  it  a  root,  but  as  our 
knowledge  is  the  same  whether  we  name  it  a  stem  or  a 
root,  and  as  we  should  soon  get  into  difficulty  in  trying 
to  separate  these  foundations  of  words  by  calling  some  of 
them  stems,  and  others  roots,  it  is  best  not  to  make  the 
attempt  in  an  elementary  work. 

In  the  following  examples,  the  stems  are  not  to  be  con- 
sidered as  verbs  or  nouus,  although  it  is  sometimes  con- 
venient to  give  them  definitions  which  seem  to  make  them 
verbs. 

A,  AV,  VA,  bloiu,  breathe,  live. 

=  ah      ow        tcah 

[Gr.  a-er'  (gen.  a-er'-os),  Lat.  a'-er  (gen.  A'-er-is)  air;  vent-us 
(gen.  I,)  tcind.'] 

ai-r  (see  -er  n.)  is  the  material  blown  and  breathed, 
which  constitutes  the  atmosphere,  or  sphere  of  air 
and  (Gr.  a-t-mos)  vapor,  around  the  solid  earth. 

aeronau-t  he  who  nav-ig-ates  in  the  air.     a^^s^th-iiia 

difficulty  of  breathing. 


i 


I 


DERIVATION.  71 

a-er-O-lite  a  (Gr.  lith'-6s)  stoiie  of  the  air ;  a  meteoric 
stone,  a-er-i-form  having  the  form  or  nature  of  air ; 
gaseous. 

Qu.  Why  has  'aerolite'  an  o,  and  'aeriform*  an  i  in  the  correspond- 
ing place  ?  Ana.  Because  the  Greek  form  has  o  and  the  Latin  has  i  in 
the  genitive  case. 

n'i-ud  (nd  participial)  is  air  in  motion,  and  we  move  or 
winnow  it  with  a  fan.  We  ventilate  rooms 
when  we  give  vent  to  impure  air  and  replace  it  with 
that  which  is  fresh,  "^veatlier  originally  meant  the 
condition  of  the  air  in  regard  to  the  wind. 

Qu.  Why  is  the  initial  sound  dififerent  in  'wind'  and  ' vent-ilate,' 
'wine'  and  'vinous'?  Ana.  The  tcay-sound  came  from  Latin  through 
Anglosaxon :  the  t'ee-sound  is  due  to  Norman. 


['A'  blow.  AV-Ts  a  bird,  (probably  so  named  because  it  moves  in  the 
air.)  AV-G-UR  a  diviner;  IN-AVGUR-ARE  to  conault  the  divining  birds; 
to  initiate;  AV-SPEX  (SPEC-ERE  to  look  at)  a  aoothaayer  who  divined  from 
h  irda.'\ 

An  aviary  is  a  house  for  birds. 

An  augur  was  one  who  pretended  to  foretell  events 
and  to  determine  what  were  supposed  to  be  lucky  days, 
from  the  flight,  the  chirping,  or  the  feeding  of  birds; 
afterwards,  a  general  fortune-teller.  The  auspex  (gen. 
Av'spic-is)  restricted  his  in^j^ection  to  birds.  If  the 
aui§il>iees  or  bird-signs  were  deemed  favorable,  it  was 
expected  that  the  event  would  be  auspieious,  or  turn 
out  well. 

As  the  augurs  observed  the  signs  at  the  commence- 
ment of  important  affairs,  such  as  an  induction  to  a  high 
office,  or  the  dedication  of  a  temple,  such  an  act  of 
augury  was  named  an  inauguration,  and  in  the 
course  of  time  this  word  acquired  the  secondary  meaning 
of  a  formal  beginning.     The  following  sentence  illustrates 


72  DERIVATION. 

the  influence  of  fortune-telling  and  astrology  upon  lan- 
guage— 

Un/or<unately  (fors  clinnce,  gen.  fort-is,)  the  signs  were  vaauspic- 
ious  and  the  ina«</»ration  was  an  abominable  (one  of  which  the  ov^en 
was  to  be  put  AB  off  or  away,)  disaster. 

Although  the  words  abominate,  inaugurate,  auspices,  disaster,  fate, 
fortune,  luck,  panic,  are  connected  with  false  opinions,  we  use  them 
independently  of  such  opinions,  like  hermeneutics  (interpretation)  from 
Hermes  (the  Greek  Mercury)  the  interpreter  in  the  mythology,  whose 
name  gave  'hermeneia'  (interpretation)  to  Saint  Paul.  So  we  have  the 
name  of  the  moon-goddess  Phoebe,  the  feminine  form  of  Phoebus 
(Apollo). 


AN  breathe,  blow,  live. 

[A  strengthened  form  of  *A'  bloiv.  Gr.  an'-e-mos  tcind.  Lat.  an'i-ma 
air,  breath,  life;  Xn'imus  nmid,  soul,  will,  feeling.] 

animal  a  breathing  creature,  animate  to  infuse 
breath  and  life.  Ignorant  of  the  fact  that  plants  breathe, 
the  ancients  did  not  include  them  with  animals  or 
breathers ;  and  being  without  microscopes,  they  were 
unacquainted  with  animal' cules. 

A  person  who  has  not  sufficient  life  is  said  to  be 
t?ianimate,  or  to  w^ant  animation.  If  we  do  not  control 
the  animus  with  which  we  regard  others,  it  may 
change  to  animosity  or  active  hatred. 

To  anim-ad-vert  is  (vertere)  to  turn  the  mind 
(ad)  to  something ;  to  observe ;  and  at  length,  by  observ- 
ing too  closely,  to  censure. 

To  be  unanimous  is  to  be  of  (unus)  one  mind, 
and  equ-animity  is  (^qvus)  erenmindedness. 
anemometer  a  (meter)  measurer  of  the  force  of  the 

wind,    anem'one  the  wind-flower. 


DEEIVATION.  73 

AL  grow, 

[al-0  (particip.  alitijs,  infin.  alere)  to  cause  to  grow,  to  nourish,  to 
sustain.  AL-M-rs  adj.  (fern,  alma)  nourishing,  kind.  al-'T-us  (gen.  -l) 
qroicn,  lofty,  loud.     Eng.  ol-d  of  full  groicth,  aged.] 

Things  that  unite,  or  (AL)  grow  (co-)  together,  are 
said  to  co-al-esce.  Parts  of  plants  which  unite  in 
growth,  are  co-al-ite. 

When  people  of  different  parties  or  interests  unite 
for  a  temporary  object,  they  may  form  a  disreputable 
coalition. 

When  a  person  is  (-ESCent)  becoming,  or  approaching 
(ad)  to  the  ad-ul't  state,  he  is  adolescent. 

The  young  man  who  has  graduated  as  an  al^n=°nin-us. 
and  the  young  woman  who  is  an  alumna,  should  honor 
the  institution  which,  as  an  alma  mater — a  nourishing 
(by  extension  kind)  mother,  has  furnished  their  minds  with 
al-i-ment  from  the  el-e-nients  or  growth-materials 
of  useful  knowledge. 

When  a  thing  grows,  so  to  speak,  (ob,  obs-)  against  the 
proper  direction,  as  in  decaying  or  in  wearing  out,  it 
becomes  ol-d  and  obs-ol-ete,  and  is  put  (ab)  away 
or  a1>-ol-islied. 


AL  other. 

[al=i-us  otlier,  another;  al'-i-as  otherwise;  alibi  elsewhere;  al^t-er 
the  other;  AL-I-EK-US  not  related,  foreign.     Angl.  ell-es  othertcise,  else.] 

An  alter-c-at-ion  is  a  dispute  of  one  person  with 
another. 

An   ad-ul-ter-ation   is   made  when   another  oil 
(such  as  lard-oil)  is  ac?ded  to  olive-oil. 

A  man  who  assumes  the  name  of  another  takes  an 
alias  and  is  open  to  suspicion. 
7 


74  •  DERIVATION. 


ANG  compress. 

[axg-O    (infin.   axg-ere)    to   draio    tight,   compress,    throttle,   torment, 
straiten.     IsSGlSA.  the  quiufiif.     ixxius  troubled.'] 

To  be  anxious,  or  in  a  state  of  anxiety,  is  to 

have    mental    pressure    in    regard    to    an    uncertainty ; 
augui.sli  is  mental  or  bodily  distress ;  and  anger  is 

named  from  the  sensation  of  choking  which  accompanies 
rage,  whence — "  to  choke  with  anger." 


EC  even. 

[^Q-v-us  (gen.  -i)  even,  level,  equal.  ix-iQVUS  (where  the  older  I 
remains  through  the  influence  of  i  of  in-)  uneven,  not  level,  nnjmt. 
AG-ER  (gen.  AGRi)  afield,  a  plain.     Angl.  ac-er  afield,  an  acre.] 

equal  corresponding  in  extent,  size,  value,  or  other 
qualities.  equ:i-ty  fairness,  justice,  equitable 
fair,  just. 

An  equable  temper  is  uniform.  An  equable 
temperature  is  one  which  is  not  subject  to  variations  from 
heat  and  cold,     iniquity  is  (moral)  un-even-ness. 

A  judge  Avho  hates  iniquity  will  dispense  even- 
handed  justice  by  making  all  equal  before  the  law. 

In  plain  dealing  we  give  an  equi-val-ent,  that  is,  an 
equ-al  or  even  val-ue. 

Equi-voc-al  (or  equal  voic-ed)  expressions  are  such  as 
admit  of  two  meanings  of  equal  force. 

agrarian  pertaining  to  the  public  lands  (of  the 
Romans.) 

acre  has  three  stages  of  meaning — a  level  field ;  a 
field  adapted  to  cultivation ;  and  a  measure  of  land. 


DERIVATION.  .  75 

PA,  FA  shine,  speak. 

[¥1.-711  to  speaJc,  narrate.  TA-M A.  a  saying,  a  rumor,  fame,  FA^B-UL-A 
a  narrative,  a  tale,  a  fable*  FA-T-U™  the  thing  spoken,  destiny,  fate. 
PR^-FA'T=i-0  a  saying  (pR^)  beforehand,  a  preface.  VATES  (gen. 
VATIS)  a  prophet.  VE-TO  I  forbid.  FA-T-EOR  /  confess.  CON-FITEOR 
(C0NFE..SSUS)  I  confess,  acknowledge  {cos-)  fully.} 

The  plia-S-es  (appearances)  of  the  moon  are  astro- 
nomic plie-iio-meii-a. 

epipha-ny  a  showing  {epi)  forth;  a  church  festival, 
photograph  a  picture  obtained  by  means  of  (Gr.  phos, 

gen.  photos')  light. 

A  pro-plie-t  is  one  who  speaks  (peo)  for  another, 
especially  for  a  divinity. 

A  prophecy  is  a  prediction  or  an  announcement 
(under  divine  authority.) 

An  afiable  person  is  one  that  may  be  spoken  (af- 
for  ad)  to ;  one  who  is  friendly  and  easy  of  access. 

iiiefiable  (in-)  not  to  be  spoken  (ef-  for  ex)  out ; 
not  to  be  mentioned ;  unutterable. 

To  con-fe-ss  is  to  acknowledge  (con-)  fully  (and 
voluntarily).  A  forced  acknowledgment  is  not  a  con- 
fession. 


BAR  bear,  carry,  produce. 

[fer-O,  to  bear,  carry,  endure,  produce,  bring,  flow,  rush,  carry  off  by 
force,  FER-ox  impetuous,  wild,  fier..ce.  fer-t-il-is  fertile.  FARiyX 
four.  BAR-B-A  beard.  FORS  (gen.  FORTis)  what  brings  itself,  chance. 
fortuItus  by  chance,  fortuitous.  FORTuxA  fortune,  for-t-is 
(capable  of  enduring,  hence)  strong,  firm,  stedfaat,  for..ceful.  por-t-o 
(inf.-ARE)  to  carry,  bear,  convey,  con'fer-0,  bring  (cox-)  together,  collect, 
compare,  consult,  confer,  contribute,  serve.  pr,e'fer-0,  to  bear  (prje) 
before,  carry  in  front,  place  a  person  or  thing  before  another  in  esteem, 
prefer.  Persian  burdan  to  bear;  bar  a  load,  a  region;  hence  Zanga- 
bar  (Zangwebar)  from  zangi  a  negro.     Scotch  bair-n  a  child.] 

confer  to  bring  together  (for  consultation ;)  to  grant 


76  DERIVATION. 

or  bestow,  conference  a  briDging  together  (for  con- 
sultation.) 

defer  to  bear  or  bring  (de)  away,  to  put  off,  postpone, 
lay  before,  yield  to  authority. 

refer  to  bear  or  send  (he-)  back,  put  in  charge, 
assign,  suffer  to  support  (sub)  from  below,  to  bear, 
to  endure. 

stelliferous  (^  connective)  bearing  (stella,  gen. 
STELLiE)  a  star,  or  (stell^e)  stars. 

©v:i-par-ous  creatures  are  such  as  bear  (ov-u™  an 
egg,  gen.  6v-i,  pi.  ov-a)  eggs. 

sopor-i-f  er-ous  bringing  or  causing  (s6p5r,  gen. 
s5P0Pvis)  sleep  or  drowsiness. 

peri'plier-y  is  the  Greek  equivalent  of  circuni'- 
fer-ence.  bnr-d-en  (far-d-el)  is  from  '  bear,'  like 
grow-th  from  '  grow,'  with  -en  diminutival. 

The  burdens  of  fortune  should  be  borne  with 
for-t-it-ude  and  for-bear-ance, 

METAjphoT  phos-phor-us  pre-,  in,  of-,  dif-,  suf-,  re-,  trans-fer 
referee  metalliferous  farina  fierce  ferocity  force  for- 
tuitous fortune  fer-t-ility  com-,  de,  dis-,  ex,  im-,  re-,  sup-, 
trans-port  porterage  portfolio  bear  bier  (wheel-,  hand-)barrow 
bir-tli  bor-n  bor-ne  par-ent  burden  beard  bar-b-er  wear 


c-LA,  G-LA  shine. 

[Welsh  gLA  brightness,  glan  pure,  clea-n.  Lat.  cla-r-us  (gen.  -i) 
clear  lou-d,  bright.  Ger.  klar,  Fr.  clair,  Eng.  clear.  gla-c=i-es 
ice  (whence  glacier).  GLO-n-i-X  glory,  fame,  renoivn.  Irish  clu 
report,  fame.     Scotch  glai-k  a  gla-n-ce,  a  ray.'\ 

A  word  which  was  first  applied  to  a  sensation  received 
through  the  eye,  may,  by  a  metaphor  or  transfer,  be  ex- 
tended to  things  which  affect  the  ear,  the  body,  or  even 
the   mind.     Hence,  we  speak   of  a  clear  sky-voice- 


DERIVATION.  77 

passage-idea ; — a  clean  conscience ; — a  glo^viiig;  de- 
scription ; — a  glariug;  inconsistency. 

Stars  glisten,  jewels  glitter,  heat-lightnings 
glimmer.  A  bright  object  may  emit  an  agreeable 
glow,  an  unpleasant  glare,  or  a  laint  gleam.  The 
glair  or  elear  part  of  an  egg  is  sometimes  used  to 
clar:i-fy  liquids.  The  glow  of  evening  passes  into 
gloom.  In  Scotland,  gloam  is  twilight,  and  Venus 
is  the  gloamin-star.  A  glade  is  an  open  passage-way 
in  a  wood. 

gloAV  glory  glitter  gloss  glass  glaze  glair  glare  clear 
clean  gleen  glance  glimpse  gleam  glimmer  gloom  gleed 

[Welsh  Han  a  clear  place :  llanerch  a  clear  area,  a  lawn^  a  g-la-de.} 

laue  a  narrow  road  or  street,  laivii  a  grassy  space 
between  woods,  or  about  a  house.  laii<l  soil ;  ground ; 
the  earth  as  distinguished  from  tlie  water. 

LU^  loo-s-en. 

ana-ly-s-is  a  loosing  (^axa')  back,  or  separating 
something  into  its  component  parts;  so-lution  of  a 
problem. 

paralyse  to  loosen  (^para)  aside,  amiss,  or  at  the 
side  ;  to  make  useless,  unnerve,  paralysis  or  pa..l-sy 
may  affect  but  one  side  of  the  body,  whence  the  term. 

[lu-ere  to  loosen,  make  void,  pai/.  so-LV-0  (so-  for  SE-,  influenced 
by  tr,)  to  loosen  apart,  SOlve^  sever,  relax,  unravel,  explain,  melt, 
destroy,  discharge  an  obligation.  Dis-SO-LU-T-us  adj.  lax,  remiss,  reck- 
less, liceittiuiis,  dissolute*] 

solve  to  separate  component  parts;  explain  (as  a 
problem,)  unravel  (a  difficulty,)  dissipate  (a  doubt.) 

solution  the  act  or  result  of  solving ;  a  liquid  or 
solvent  containiucr  a  soluble  material. 


78  DERIVATION. 

resolve  to  loosen,  disperse  (a  tumor,)  analyse,  decide, 
determine,  be  determined,  be  re-SO-lil-te. 

resolution  a  state  of  being  resolved ;  decision ; 
determination. 

ab-solve  to  loosen  from  (a  condition,  an  obligation, 
a  penalty ;)  to  acquit. 

absolution  acquittal ;  the  act  of  absolving. 

absolute  unconditional;  independent;  unmixed. 

Obs.  The  presence  of  a  prefix  in  so-lve  being  overlooked,  Dis-  was 
added  in  '  dissolve '  and  its  derivatives,  to  secure  the  separative  idea. 

LAG  lay, 

[Goth,  lag-jan,  Angl.  lecgan  to  lay,  jiut,  place.  Goth,  lig-an,  Angl. 
ligg-an  to  lie  down,  to  extendJ] 

To  lie  down  is  to  rest  in  a  flat  or  low  position.  The 
verb  to  lay  is  the  transitive  form  of  lie.     We  lay  a 

book  on  the  table  and  it  lies  there. 

A  law  is  somethiug  laid  down  as  a  rule  of  action. 
Comm  o  law  is  based  upon  common  experience ;  statute 
law  is  due  to  the  people  through  their  representatives. 

A  ledge  is  an  extended  shelf;  a  kind  of  molding;  a 
ridge  of  rock.  A  ledger  is  a  book  in  which  accounts 
are  spread  under  appropriate  heads. 

layer  that  which  is  lai-d ;  a  bed  or  stratum.  lai..r 
a  lying  or  resting  place,  especially  of  a  wild  beast. 

1-lag  a  flat  stone. 


[leg-ere  to  lay  together,  collect,  survey  (lay  eyes  on),  observe,  read. 
LEX  (gen.  leg-is)  a  law,  a  decree,  e-lig-ere  to  pick  up,  weed  out, 
choose,  se-lec-t,  e-lec-t.] 

To  be  diligent  is  to  persevere  in  a  pursuit  which 
has  been  chosen  (di-)  apart.     To  be  neg-lig-ent  or 

neg-leC't-ful  is  (nec)  7iot  to  have  things  disposed  in 
proper  order ;  to  be  mattentive ;  to  disregard. 


DERIVATION.  79 

To  be  intelligent  (to  possess  intellect)  is  to 

have  the  power  of  choosing  (intel*-  for  inter)  between ; 
hence,  to  be  able  to  joerceive,  disQern,  and  distinguish. 

To  col-lec-t  is  to  bring  objects  (con-)  together. 

To  select  is  to  lay  something  (se-)  apart,  or  by  itself. 

To  elect  is  to  choose  (e-,  ex)  out  of,  or  from  among, 
others;  to  make  a  choice;  to  choose,  as  by  vote.  An 
eligible  candidate  is  one  who  is  legally  qualified 
for  election.  A  man  is  loyal  when  he  obeys  the 
laws.  An  alloy  is  a  mixture  of  metals  made  (ad) 
according  to  law ;  any  mixture  of  metals. 

A  colleague  is  one  chosen  (con-)  with  another;  a 
partner  in  office. 

A  college  is  a  col-lec-t-ion  of  persons  for  a  special 
purpose,  also  a  college  building. 

[p-lTc-ARE  to  lay  or  place  together, /old,  coil,  ply..,  plea..t.  PLEX-us 
a.  tangled,  interiroven;  n.  a  2jlea..t-iiig,  a  braid.  DU-PLiC-lT-AS  double- 
nesa,  doubtfulness,  whence  duplicity.  complexio  (gen.-ONis)  a 
coin-bination,  natural  con-8t>tutio)i.  suppLEX  (a  folding  SUB  under,  a 
kneeling,)  sub-miaxire,  sup>pli..-ailt)  entreating.} 

ply.,  to  stick  at ;  be  employ..ed  in ;  urge ;  fold ; 
bend,  pliers  nippers  for  bending,  pliable  easily 
bent,  apply.,  to  put  one  thing  to  another  ;  to  put  to  a 
purpose;  to  solicit,  applicable  fit  to  be  appli..ed; 
suitable,     display.,  to  spread  apart ;  unfold ;  exhibit. 

plication  a  fold;  a  doubling  up.  explication 
a  spreading  (ex)  out,  or  unfolding,  for  the  purpose  of 
ex-planation. 

complex,  complicate  (woven  together)  en- 
tangled; composed  of  several  parts;  difficult,  com- 
plexity entanglement;  intricacy,  complexion 
connection  of  related  parts  ;  aspect ;  color  and  texture  of 
the  skin,  accomplice  (one  entangled  with  another,) 
an  as-sociate  or  ac-cessory  in  crime. 


80  DERIVATION. 

implicate  to  (enfold,  entangle,)  connect  with  some- 
thing, as  a  crime,  perplex  (see  per,)  to  make  intri- 
cate ;  to  puzzle  ;  to  keep  in  suspense,  du-plic-ate  a. 
twofold ;  n.  a  copy ;  -u.  to  make  a  dou-ble..  or  a  copy 
of     duplicity  double  dealing ;  deceit. 

triple  threefold,  threeply.. .  tri-pl-et  three  of  a 
kind,     treble  threefold  ;  a  term  in  music. 

silii-plic-ity  (sine)  without  duplicity ;  naturalness. 

isiip-ple  bending  down  ;  flexible ;  nimble. 

flax  a  plant  the  fibre  of  which  is  spun  and  woven. 

[f-lec-t-ere  to  bend,  curve,  turn.'\ 

deflect  to  turn  or  bend  (de)  from,  away,  aside. 
reflect  to  bend  or  turn  (re-)  back,  as  light  from  a 
reflector ;  to  turn  the  mind  back  or  upon ;  to  cast 
censure,  flexible  that  may  be  bent.  Lead  is  flexible ; 
baleen  (whalebone)  is  both  flexible  and  elastic. 

[lio-Iue  to  bind,  tie,  fasten,  Join.  OB-LIG-ARE  to  bind  round;  put  in 
bonds;  bind,  oblige,  make  li..able.] 

league  a  bond  of  union ;  an  al-li..'ance.  liege 
a.  bound,  as  a  vassal  to  his  lord ;  n.  he  who  owes 
allegiauee.  li..eii  a  legal  hold  on  property. 
ligament  a  band  or  tie,  especially  between  bones. 
ligature  a  cord  or  thread  for  tying,  esp.  in  surgery. 
link  a  component  part  of  a  chain. 
lie  tor   he  who  binds  (rods   and   culprits,)   a  Roman 

ofiicer  who  bore  a  bundle  of  rods  from  which  an  axe 

projected,  and   who   bound,   scourged,   and   beheaded 

criminals. 
oblige  to  bind  or  constrain  as  by  a  sense  of  duty ;  to 

bind  as  by  a  friendly  act ;  to  accommodate. 
li..able  bound  or  accountable ;  responsible ;  subject. 


DERIVATION.  81 

TA'  stretch. 

[Gr.  tono'5,  to  brace  up  (as  we  talk  of  tonics  to  give  tone  to  the 
system) ;  to  accentuate.  Gr.  ton'os  a  cord,  sinew;  ien^s-ion,  in-ten^s-it-y, 
strain;  tone*  Lat.  TENd-KRE  to  stretch  out;  pitch  a  ten-t^  ex-tend; 
dis-tend;  tend-er  (offer)  ;/»-oceerf;  strive,  con-tend,  in-texd-ere 
to  stretch  forth;  exert;  he  intent;  put  one's  energies  (in)  upon; 
intend,  texuis  thin,  texuitas  ten-u-it-y.  Sanscrit  tan  to  draw; 
stretch;  sound.     Stan  to  sound;  to  thunder,     tanu  thin.~\ 

tension  a  strained,  stretched  or  tense  condition. 
intense  strained  in  a  high  degree  (in  intensive) ; 
extreme,  tend  to  have  a  course,  direction,  aim,  or 
tendency,     contend  to  strive  with. 

distend  to  stretch  apart,  as  in  opening  the  jaws  ;  to 
swell  out,  as  a  balloon. 

extend  to  stretch  out,  prolong,  spread,  diffuse. 
ostentation  a  spreading  (o..s-  for  obs-)  before;  a 
showing  out ;  vain  display ;  self-praise,  ostensible 
(that  may  be)  shown  forth ;  api)arent ;  put  forth  as  a 
pretense.  pretend  (to  hold  forward  or  place 
PR.E  before,)  to  offer  for  an  ostensible  purpose ;  to  feign. 
portend  to  stretch  (for-,  akin  to  pro)  forward,  or 
into  the  future ;  to  betoken,  portent  an  (evil)  omen, 
tenterhooks  are  used  in  stretching  cloth. 

thin  tendon  extent  extens  -ion,  -ible,  -ive,  in-ten  -d,  -t,  -s^ 
-s-ity  superintendency. 

[tox-are  to  thunder  ;  make  a  Ain,  iT-TOS-lnr.  to  terrify,  stupefy^ 
s-tun  ;  as-ton-ish — where  s-,  as-  are  due  to  es-  for  ex,  in  old  Frencb 
e..s-ton-er.] 

avStonisli,  avStound,  stun,  to  surprise  and  con 

found,  as  if  with  the  din  of  tliunder. 

tone    tonic    tune    din    thunder    tin-tinn-ab-ul-at-ion 

Obs.  sox-us  a  soun-d  (whence  sound,  sonant,  consonant,  re-sound, 
sonorous,  sonnet,  sonata,)  belongs  to  the  Sanscrit  root  svan  (  =  swan)  to 
sound. 

F 


82  DERIVATION. 

[ten-ere  to  hold,  have,  occupy,  re-tain  ;  defend,  nmfjitain  ;  hold 
on  a  course,  con-tin-Ue;  reach,  at-taiu ;  hold  back,  de-tain. 
CON-TiN^u.us  joining  (con-)  with;  uninterrupted,  continuous.] 

tenon  the  end  of  a  timber  fitted  to  hold  in  a  mortise. 
tenor  an  even,  continuous  course;  purport;  a 
quality  of  musical  tone. 

al>s-tain  to  hold  from ;  forbear ;  refrain ;  practice 
abstinence,  contain  to  hold  or  keep  (con-)  together ; 
comprise,  content  a.  held  within  bounds;  satisfied. 
con-ten-t-nient  the  state  of  being  content,  con- 
tents parts  contained  ;  the  heads  of  subjects  in  a  book. 
<letain  to  keep  or  withhold  anything  (de)  from;  to 
delay;  keep  in  custody,  obtain  (ob  verbal)  to  get; 
procure;  be  in  use.  retain  to  hold  back;  keep. 
sustain  to  hold  up,  or  (sub)  from  beneath ;  keep  up ; 
support ;  aid ;  endure ;  suffer,  maintain  (to  hold  by 
Fr.  main  the  hand,)  to  support ;  uphold  ;  defend. 

A  person  may  maintain  a  right,  a  doctrine,  a  prin- 
ciple, and  sustain  it  by  argument ;  he  may  siLStain 
a  weight,  a  defeat,  an  injury — sustain  and  maintain 
a  family — and  he  may  sustain  the  credit  of  another 
while  he  maintains  his  own. 

In  a  continent,  many  regions  of  the  earth  occur 
or  are  held  (con-)  together,  or  in  a  continuous  mass; 
and  the  characteristic  human  features  are  contained 
in  the  countenance. 

entertain  (see  the  meanings  of  tenere,)  as  if,  to 
hold  a  course,  or  have  something  going  on  (inter)  between 
(the  entertainer  and  the  entertained,)  hence,  to  amuse ;  to 
treat  hospitably ;  to  hold  opinions. 

tenant   tenure    tenet    continue    detention   tenacity 


DERIVATION.  83 

TAG  cover. 

[teg-ere  to  cover,  hide,  shelter,  defend.  toga  a  Roman  cloak. 
TEG-UL-A  a  ti..Ie.  German  deck-en  to  cover;  dac^  a  roof;  deck-el  a 
lid;  tu(^  cloth,  linen,  duck  ;  zieg-el  (=tsigl)  a  ti..le.  Hindoo  d'hak-nS, 
to  cover,  conceal;  a  lid.  Bengalee  d'hak-an  to  cover.  The  last  exam- 
ples show  the  original  vowel  whence  the  e  and  o  of  teg-ere  and  tog-a.] 

de-teC't  to  find  out,  discover,  as  if  by  taking  a  cover 
(de)  from,  or  away,  protect  to  cover  (pro)  before, 
or  in  front,  as  a  hen  protects  her  young ;  hence,  to  guard ; 
to  defend,     deck  v.  to  cover,  clothe,  adorn,  toe<leclt 

The  cover  or  <leclt  of  a  ship  is  made  of  planks; 
ti..les  are  made  of  clay ;  tliatcll  is  a  roofing  of  straw. 

The  case  of  a  bed  or  mattress  is  called  a  tick,  and  it 
may  be  made  of  cluck  or  of  ticking. 

A  sliaii-ty  is  a  temporary  hut  or  cabin — primarily, 
a  shed  for  protecting  cattle.  Irish  and  Gaelic  '  sion '  (^si 
as  sh)  weather,  storm  ;  tigh  (gh  silent)  house. 


TRAC,  DRAG  draw. 

[trah-o,  TRAC-t-u™,  trahere  to  drag,  trai..l,  draw.,  along  or 
after;  have  a  trai..n  (as  of  followers)  j  to  prolong;  delay;  endure. 
Detrahere  to  pull  (de)  down,  take  away;  remove  (as  by  a  purgative); 
lower  (in  estimation) ;  disparage;  detract*  subtrahere  to  draw 
from  beneath;  subtract.  TRACTARE  (T  intensive)  to  draio  with  energy; 
take  in  hand;  arrange;  trea..t.  Gothic  drag-an  to  drag,  draw,  choose. 
Angl.  drag-an  to  drag,  draw,  hear,  go.     Islandic  raka  to  rake.'] 

abs-trac-t  v.  to  draw  (abs-)  from ;  separate ;  pur- 
loin ;  a.  drawn  away  from ;  separate.  An  abstract 
(as  from  a  book  or  a  law,)  should  give  a  general  idea  of 
the  original,  while  an  extract  may  be  any  portion  taken 
(ex)  out.     An  abstract  may  be  composed  of  extracts. 

Primarily,  a  track  is  a  mark  or  trace  left  by  an 
object  dragged,  draivn,  or  moving  along;  but  we 
speak  of  the  track  of  a  ship  or  of  a  planet. 


84  DERIVATION. 

A  tract  is  something  extended,  as  a  region — or  drawn 
out,  as  a  short  essay  or  trea..tise  drawn  from  its  subject. 
A  t]*ai..t  is  a  mark ;  a  feature ;  a  characteristic.  To 
trea..t  is  to  use  (well  or  ill) ;  manage ;  discuss ;  nego- 
tiate; entertain. 

A  <lreclge  is  a  drag  or  ralie  with  a  pouch,  used 
to  collect  oysters.  A  tra^v..l  is  a  kind  of  bag-net  drawn 
by  a  fishing-boat. 

A  man  who  draws  plans  is  a  clraug'lit!§imaii ;  he 
who  draws  business  orders  is  a  clraiver — this  being  an 
active  noun,  but  when  'drawer'  is  applied  to  a  piece  of 
furniture,  it  is  a  passive  noun. 

As  the  guttural  formerly  in  draiiglit  was  becoming 
rare  in  English,  it  struck  the  ears  of  the  young  generation 
as  /  (see  Otosis,  p.  30,)  and  gave  us  draft,  a  word  of 
many  meanings,  all  of  which  we  can  track  or  trace  to  the 
primary  idea,  as  when  it  is  applied  to  a  current  of  air 
drawn  to  (and  passing  from)  a  fire — to  a  plan — an  outline 
of  an  agreement,  a  law,  a  trea..t-y — a  money  order 
drawn  on  a  banker — the  act  of  drawing  a  load — the 
depth  of  a  ship  in  the  water. 

In  at-trali-eiit  (drawi??^  to,  attract!?!^),  and  in 
sub-t rail-end  (something  to  be  subtractecZ),  a  non- 
radical h  replaces  the  cay-sound  of  the  Latin  stem  trac, 
which,  with  its  derivatives  must  not  be  referred  to  traho. 

abs-,  at-,  con-,  de,  dis-,  ex,  pro,  re-,  sub,  trac-t  -ion  trac-t  -able, 
-ile  track  trace  -able  trea..t  treaty  treatise  treatment 
tra..de  dredge  drag  draggle  draw..l  drai..l  trai..l  trai..n 
draw..   draw..er  draw..ee 


I 


DERIVATION.  85 


RAG  reach. 

[reg-ere  to  I'eep  st-raigh-t,  set  righ-t;  rule,  govern,  di-rec-t.  RECTUS 
St-raigh-t;  at-retch-ed  out  or  j(p,  e-rec-t,  up-righ-t;  cor-rec-t,  proper,  just. 
RECTITUDO  atraightneee;  directness;  uprightness;  rectitude.  REGIO 
(gen.  -ONis)  direction;  line ;  limit;  tract ;  region,  regimen  guidance; 
government;  command,  whence  regimen,  regiment.  e-RIG-ere  (to 
make  straight  ex  out  of  a  place,)  to  raise  or  set  up,  erect,  cor-rig-ere 
(to  straighten  in  accordance  con-  with  something,)  to  make  better, 
correct,  di-rig-ere  (to  straighten  or  arrange  di-  apart,  or  by  itself,) 
to  arrange;  guide;  regulate  ;  direct.  stJR-RiG-ERE,  SUR..G-ERE  to 
rise  (surJ-  for  sub  /ro7n  below,  hence)  up;  spring  up,  whence  surge, 
and  source  a  spring  of  water,  regula  a  straight  stick,  lath,  rai..l, 
r..ul-er;  a  r..ule,  piattem,  model,  rex  (gen.  reg-is)  a  Anngr.  rector  a 
guider.  Angl.  reht  a.  right  ^  n.  plumb-line;  carpenter's  ride;  riht  n. 
right;  justice;  duty;  truth;  reason.'\ 

regulate  vt.  to   keep   (or  cause  to   be)  rigli-t, 

st-raigli-t,  cor-rec-t,  reg-ul-ar,  or  according  to  a 
r..iile.  A  regulation  is  a  rule  made  by  competent 
authority. 

region  a  st-retch  (of  country) ;  a  portion  of  space 
having  some  characteristic,  as  the  region  of  the  trade- 
■\vinds, — of  the  Caspian, — of  the  heart,  regimen 
rule,  esp.  in  regard  to  diet,     regal,  royal  kingly. 

reaeli  v.  to  extend,  st-retch  out ;  attain ;  n.  st-retch, 
extension. 

<lireet  a.  straight;  straightforward;  unswerving. 
Fr.  d..roi..t  (right,  straight ;  n.  right ;  claim ;  law ;  tax ; 
fee,)  whence,  with  a-  for  ad  (as  if  to  the  right,) 
a-€l..roi-t  dextrous.  He  is  adroit  who  goes  to  or  at  a 
work  in  a  direct  manner,  and  as  if  with  (Fr.  droite)  the 
right  hand. 

On  account  of  its  superior  usefulness,  the  angle  which 
is  most  employed  in  masonry  and  carpentry  is  named  a 
riglit  angle,  and  a  four-sided  figure  with  four  such 
angles  is  a  rectangle. 

8 


Ob  DERIVATION. 

An  in-sur-rec-t-ion  is  a  rising  (sur*-  for  sub) 
up  (in-)  against;  a  revolt  against  lawful  authority  by 
in-su..-r..g-ent-s. 

CAP  take. 

[CAP-ERE  (-CEP-,  -CIP-,  -CUP-)  to  take,  seize,  cap-t-ure,  get,  hold, 
oe-cup-y.  DE-CIP-ERE  to  take  in  (de)  much,  practice  de-cep-t-ion, 
de-ceive,  cheatJ\ 

perception  is  (per)  thorough  comprehension. 

A  principle  is  something  which  takes  or  oc-eup-ies 
the  (prin-  for  prim-  before  '  c  ')  pri-m-Siry  place. 

A  capable  man  of  clear  perception,  and  who 
is  neither  captiousi  nor  con-cei-.-ted,  has  the 
cap-acity  to  re-ceive,  and  to  oc-cup-y  himself 
with  ac-cep-table  prin-cip-les  and  pre-cep-ts. 

On  its  passage  (inter)  between  the  armies,  the  corre- 
spondence was  intercepted;  in  other  words — the 
letters  were  seized  between  the  armies. 

A  person  who  gets  (re-)  back  his  health,  is  said  to 
recuperate  or  recover- 

exceptions  are  out-takings,  or  parts  which  are 
taken  (ex)  out.    They  do  not  prove  the  accuracy  of  a  rule. 

capacious  capture  captor  or  ca..tcher  keep  captive  or 
cai..tiff  ca..tch*  ch..ase*  purchase*  ac-cep-t  de-cep-t-ion 
deceive  receive  recipient  occupy  receipt  decei..t  concei..t 


CO,  s-CU  cover. 

[Welsh  CO  concavity,  cen  a  a-ki-n.  cin  what  extends  over.  Lat. 
cu-T-is  the  skin.  SCUTU""  (gen.  scuxi)  a  shield  (scutcheon),  scu'tula  a 
dish.  6b-SCu'r-us  covered  (ob)  over;  dusky;  indistinct ;  unintelligible. 
Angl.  sce-d  (c  as  k,  e  in  they)  a  sha-de.  Scotch  sky  shadow,  skul,  skol 
a  drinking  cup."] 

scutiform  having  the  form  (scUT:i)  of  a  shield. 

*  Ital.  cacciare  (=  cattsh-&r6)  for  a  supposable  CApTI&rfi. 


i 


DERIVATION.  87 

scutellate  (-el  dimin.)  shaped  like  a  little  shield, 
or  like  a  dish,  scu.llery  (as  if  '  scutellaiy ')  a  place 
for  dishes. 

sqii..i..re  (as  if  *scuti-ger,'  from  gePw-ere  to  bear, 
carry,)  the  bearer  (scuti)  of  a  shield ;  the  armor-bearer 
of  a  knight ;  a  justice  of  the  peace,  esquire  (e  pros- 
thetic) a  title  used  after  names. 

cu-ti-cle  the  outer,  thin,  delicate  s-ki-n  which 
covers  the  true  (cutis)  skin. 

The  sealp  (p  noun  suffix,  see  -B)  covers  the  skull, 
which  is  a  kind  of  scale,  shell,  sliield,  slieatli, 
shutter,  or  shelter  for  the  brain.  A  scull  is  an 
oar,  a  scale-like  implement,  also  a  kind  of  boat. 

A  shelf  (see  -B)  of  shaly  rock  may  cause  a  shoal 
or  shallow. 

scallops  (= scollops)  are  shellfish  ;  many  of  them 
have  both  valves  ribbed,  which  gives  the  edge  a 
scolloped  appearance. 

shuck  a  husk  or  hull,  shude  rice  husks.  sliod<ly 
woollen  offal  re-spun  and  woven  into  'shoddy'  cloth. 
shoe  a  cover  for  the  foot. 

shade  shedn.  shadow  coat  cot  cottage  hod  hood  hat 
hide  n.  hut  hose  house  husk  cask  casque  casket  shield 
shilling  cuticle  sky  scute  scutellate  scullery  scutcheon 
escutcheon    obscure    scum    skimmer  skin    scow  shallop 

Shed  (to  cast  off);  shoat,  sheet,  shuttle,  belong  to  shoot. 

GA,  GAn  produce. 

[QI-G..N-0  (gi  reduplicative)  GeN-it-u"",  gi-g..n-ere  to  beget,  pro- 
duce. GENS  (^gen.  GENT-is)  clan,  family,  tribe,  gentilis  of  the  same 
family  or  nation  ;  foreign  ;  heathen;  gentile.  GV^TJivmvs  native,  imt- 
ural,  genuine,  genus  (gen.  gen'eris,  pi.  gexera,)  race,  family,  kin, 
kind,  genus,  gender.  genitIvus  a.  belonging  to  birth,  or  descent;  n. 
the  genitive  case.  genius  (pi.  genii,)  a  protecting  spirit;  talent, 
genius,     ingeniu™  innate  quality;  an  invention.'] 

general  a.  relating  to  all  of  a  kin-d ;  common. 


05  DERIVATION. 

n.  a  commander  with  a  general  supervision,  en-gine 
(and  ..gin)  an  ingenious  machine,    congener  a 

plant  or  animal  of  the  same  genus  with  another. 
incli'genous  born  or  produced  (indi-)  in  a  country; 
native,     gender  (in  grammar)  Icind  in  regard  to  sex. 

A  congenital  disease  or  deformity  is  one  which  a 
person  is  (genitus)  born  (con-)  with. 

A  family,  a  flock,  or  a  crop,  is  a  production  which 
requires  care  in  the  rearing,  that  it  may  be  genuine, 
or  true  to  its  kind. 

When  certain  seeds  are  sown  together,  the  resulting 
plants  will  be  degenerate,  or  removed  (de)  from 
their  kind. 

Well-bred  persons  are  such  as  have  been  carefully 
brought  up,  and  who  should  be  genial,  congenial, 
ingenuous,  generous,  gentle,  and  genteel. 
But  when  a  generation  includes  a  ..nation,  the 
general  ..nature  and  genius  (or  inborn  character) 
may  degenerate  and  the  ..natives  become  gentiles 
requiring  regeneration. 


[G..NisC0R,  ..NASCOR  (v.  deponent,)  to  he  horn,  spring  from,  groto. 
GNATUS,  NATUS  bor7i,  j^foduced.  NATURA  essential  quality;  character; 
disposition;  producing  cause;  the  universe;  nature*  NATIVUS  inborn; 
dnetohirth;  due  to  nature  ;  native;  not  artificial ;  NATI-O  (gen. -ON-is) 
hirth;  race;  nation.] 

nation  a  body  of  people  living  under  the  same 
government.  navScent  beginning  to  exist  or  to  form. 
connate  growing  together  as  two  leaves  from  one  base. 
co-gnate  connected  by  birth  or  descent ;  allied ;  akin 
on  the  mother's  side,  a-g'n-ate  (a-  for  ad)  akin 
through  the  father,  natal  relating  to  one's  birth. 
innate  inborn. 

preternatural  (prater)  beyond  (or,  in  addition 


DERIVATION.  89 

to)  nature ;  inexplicable,  supernatural  above  na- 
ture ;  spiritual ;  miraculous,  reuaissance  (Fr.  nais- 
sance  birth,)  the  renewal  or  revival  of  the  fine  arts,  chiefly 
by  Rafaele  (or  Raphael,  b.  1483,  d.  1520.) 

na-if  7/1.,  na-ive  Jem.  (short  forms  of  Fr.  m.  n^tif, 
/.  n3-tive,)  natural;  unaffected,  u^e  (=nay,  Fr.  fem. 
participle,)  born  (with  the  name  of,)  as  in  Madame 
d'Arblay,  nee  Burney. 


CAL  call. 

[CAL-o,  CLA-M-0  /  call.  Welsh  gal  what  is  uttered;  spread  out;  a 
plain  ;  a  fair  spot,  a  goal,   galw  to  call.     Irish  and  Gaelic  sgal  a  yell.'\ 

A  clai-m  is  (-m)  something,  such  as  a  right,  for  which 
a  demand  or  call  may  be  made  by  the  claiiuaut. 

A  claim  may  be  cried  (pro)  forth  or  pro-elaliued 
with  s-col-ding  and  claiuor  ;  or  it  may  be  disowned 
and  (lisclaiiued  with  (de  much)  deelaiuatiou. 

The  cal-eud-ar  (-and,  -end,  particip.)  or  register 
of  days,  and  the  caleu<ls  or  first  day  of  the  mouths, 
were  thus  named  because  the  principal  days  were  origin- 
ally called  out,  or  proclaimed  on  the  calends. 

We  may  call  or  liail  a  man  with  a  lialloo,  but 
we  should  not  yell  (utter  a  y el-p),  yowl,  nor  liowl. 


As  cay  and  h  do  not  belong  to  the  same  contact  (see  the  Chart  p.  16), 
the  former  being  a  guttural  formed  by  the  base  of  the  tongue,  and  the 
h  a  laryngal  made  farther  back  at  the  larynx,  their  interchange  con- 
stitutes a  transmutation  (p.  19),  as  in  call  and  hail,  sub-trac-t  and 
sub-trah-end  (p.  84),  gard-en  and  horti-culture  (p.  40),  calam-us  and 
hauL.m,  guano  from  Peruvian  huano,  Noah  and  Noachian. 
8* 


90  DERIVATION. 

GOL  shine. 

[Welsh  gol-e  splendor.  Irish  and  Gaelic  geal  (=gyal)  white,  bright. 
Gr.  xo^-V  (=  <i}o\e)  gall,  x^^-o?  9"^^>  nnrjer.  Lat.  BiLis  and  FEL  (both 
as  if  from  a  stem  gval  =  gwal),  Angl.  gealla  gall,  bile.  Angl.  geol-ca 
yol-k.  Swed.  gul  yell-oio;  gul-a  yol-k;  gul-d  gol-d.  Lat.  gil-v-us; 
Ger.  gel-b;  Eng.  yell-ow.     Lat.  c5l-or  color,  hue,  appearance,  lustre.'] 

g^all  or  bile  and  the  yolk  of  eggs  are  yellow ; 
gold  has  the  same  prominent  color,  and  so  has  a 
burning  eoal. 

In  the  early  days  of  scientific  inqui'ry,  mental  depres- 
sion was  attributed  to  {iiilas,  gen.  /x^Aav-oj  =  m^ranos) 
hlack  bile  or  melaiiclioly ;  and  atrabilious  (melan- 
cholic) is  based  on  Latin  ater,  fem.  atra  hlach,  and  the 
feminine  noun  bilis  hile,  anger,  wrath. 

Black  bile  was  supposed  to  be  formed  by  the  spleen,  a 
belief  which  gave  to  this  word  the  secondary  meanings 
of  spite  and  ill-humor,  and  caused  splen'etic  to  mean 
peevish  and  spiteful. 

cholera  is  a  disease  connected  -with  bile,  and  as  bile 
was  supposed  to  cause  anger,  cboler  has  come  to  mean 
wrath,  and  we  apply  the  term  clioleric  to  a  person 
easily  moved  to  anger. 

As  a  good  carver  seldom  fails  to  hit  the  joint,  so  an  etymologist  is 
expected  to  hit  the  joints  of  words.  (See  'redeem'  and  'icicle,'  p.  45.) 
He  must  know  how  to  separate,  not  only  '  ex '  from  *  express '  and 
'explain/  but  he  must  be  able  to  dissect  '  ec-'  from  words  which  seem 
to  have  the  same  prefix,  such  as  'expire'  (ec-spire  to  breathe  out;  die), 
and  'extant'  (ec-sta-nt  sta-nd-ing  out;  in  being.)  Akin  to  ec-sta-nt  is 
ec-sta-sy  (Gr.  ek'stasis  a  standing  out  or  aside;  distraction ;  entrance- 
men  t,)  spelled  in  the  Greek  mode,  in  which  the  letter  for  x  was  not  used 
for  ks  when  they  were  thus  divided  between  a  prefix  and  a  stem. 


91 


CHAPTER  10.    SYNOISTYMY. 


Words  which  have  the  same,  or  nearly  the  same 
meaning,  are  named  synonyms.  They  may  be  as 
near  to  each  other  as  'dale'  and  'dell;'  they  may  be 
the  result  of  paresis  (neglect),  as  in  '  coim..t '  from  '  com- 
pute ; '  or  they  may  be  distinct  words,  as  in  *  count '  and 
*  reckon.'  In  the  following  pairs,  a  word  of  English  or 
Teutonic  origin  is  followed  by  its  synonym  derived  from 
Latin. 


Etiglish, 

,  Latin. 

Engliah, 

Latin. 

Engliah, 

Latin. 

cheat  V, 

defraud 

help. 

assist 

shining. 

splendent 

cheat  n, 

deception 

hinder, 

obstruct 

shrink. 

contract' 

corner, 

angle 

hinder. 

prevent 

shun, 

avoid 

dale, 

vale 

hold. 

contain 

shut  V, 

close 

dark,  dim ; 

obscure 

hold  back 

:,  retain 

sink. 

descend 

ditch. 

fosse 

hold  in. 

restrain 

sink. 

plunge 

dregs, 

sediment 

hold  on, 

detain 

skill. 

dexterity 

drink, 

imbibe 

hold  out, 

persevere 

skilful. 

expert 

dull, 

stupid 

hold  up. 

sustain 

stop. 

cease 

dull, 

languid 

last  V, 

endure 

smooth. 

plane 

dumb, 

mute 

last  a, 

ultimate 

smooth. 

glabrous 

enough. 

sufficient 

lessen. 

diminish 

sorrow. 

grief 

fear. 

terror 

looking-glass,  mirror 

sourness, 

acidity 

fearful. 

timorous 

mad, 

rabid 

spear. 

lance 

fearless, 

intrepid 

needy. 

indigent 

sticky. 

adhesive 

food, 

victual-s 

pride. 

vanity 

sticky. 

viscous 

forbid. 

prohibit 

proud. 

arrogant 

storm. 

tempest 

guide  V, 

conduct 

raise. 

elevate 

stout. 

robust 

guile. 

fraud 

rise. 

ascend 

stubborn. 

,  obstinate 

handle, 

manipulate 

rise  out. 

emerge 

surly. 

morose 

hang, 

suspend 

seaman, 

mariner 

thick. 

dense 

harbor,  haven ;  port 

shepherd 

,  pastor 

uproar. 

tumult 

hearth, 

focus 

shine  ?i, 

splendor 

wages. 

salary 

heavenly,  celestial 

shiny, 

splendid 

wail. 

lament 

92 


SYNONYMY. 


English,    Latin. 
wane,        decrease 
want,        penury 
wary,         cautious 
des'ert 


English,      Latin. 
wayward,  perverse 
weak,  feeble 

weighty,     ponderous 
wicked,       vicious 


English,    Latin. 
worth,       value 
yearly,      annual 
yield,        concede 
youthful,  juvenile 


English  presents  the  curious  feature  of  having  numer- 
ous native  words  without  native  derivatives,  instead  of 
which,  modifications  of  foreign  forms  (chiefly  Latin)  are 
used,  as  in — 

I.  English,  Latin. 

fusible 
mental 
lunar 
oral 
legible 
marine 

In  the  next  examples  the  words  of  the  second  column 
are  based  on  French  and  the  third  on  Latin.  Most  of 
the  French  forms  are  based  on  Latin,  and  many  of  those 
due  to  Latin  entered  English  through  some  form  or 
dialect  of  French. 


English,  Latin. 

English 

book,       library 

melt. 

guess,    conjectural 

mind 

guest,    hospitable 

moon, 

hand,      manual. 

mouth, 

hear,       audible 

read. 

island,     insular 

sea, 

English, 

Latin. 

see, 

visible 

ship, 

navigate 

spittle. 

salivate 

tooth 

dental 

wine 

vinous 

work. 

laborious 

English, 

French, 

Latin. 

English, 

French, 

Latin. 

answer, 

repartee. 

retort 

enlist. 

enrol. 

register 

banter, 

rally, 

deride 

evening, 

soiree. 

vesper 

banter. 

badinage. 

,  derision 

farewell. 

adieu. 

valedictory 

big, 

large. 

ample 

fellow, 

comrade. 

associate 

blunt, 

brusque, 

abrupt 

fit  out. 

accoutre. 

supply 

bravery. 

courage, 

valor 

flag, 

banner, 

ensign 

brittle. 

frail 

fragile 

fodder. 

forage, 

pabulum 

burg. 

fortress. 

castle 

forgive. 

pardon, 

remit 

business. 

affair,      occupation 

forsake, 

abandon. 

desert 

chide. 

blame,     objurgate 

free  v. 

rescue, 

deliver 

cleft. 

crevice. 

fissure 

gain  n. 

profit, 

lucre 

clothing, 

attire. 

vesture 

gift, 

present. 

donation 

countryman,  peasant, 

rustic 

glitter, 

brilliance 

,  radiance 

ditch, 

trench. 

canal 

grudge. 

pique. 

rancor 

dwell, 

sojourn, 

reside 

handy, 

adroit. 

dexterous 

empty, 

void. 

vacant 

hate, 

malice, 

malignity 

SYNONYMY. 


93 


English,  French,         Latin. 

heed,  regard,         observe 

help,  aid,  succor;  assist 

hinder,  embarrass,  obstruct 
husbandman,  farmer,      agricultur(ist) 

income,  revenue,       product 

keepsake,  souvenir,  remembrancer 

last,  dernier,        final 

lawyer,         attorney,      advocate 
lead,  guide,  direct 

leaning  ji,     bias,  inclination 

likeness,  semblance    similitude 
luck,  chance,         fortune 

lying  down,  couchant,     reclining 
mar,  damage,       vitiate 

mishap,        mischance,  misfortune 
niggardly,    covetous,      penurious 
outbreak,      emeute,         sedition 
overcome,    vanquish,     subjugate 


overthrow. 

rout,              defea..t 

plague  V, 

pester,          vex 

plague  n, 

chagrin,       vexation 

plunder. 

pillage,     depredation 

prayer, 

orison,      supplication 

prop, 

stanchion,    fulcrum 

ramble. 

tour,              excursion 

rank 

range,           series 

English,  French,        Latin. 

reckon,  count,  calculate 

regain,  recruit,        recover 

robber,  brigand,    deprulator 

rush  out,  sally,  exit 

scar,  cicatrice      cicatrix 

seek,  search,        inquire 

sharp,  pierc(ing),  acute 

sharp,  piquant       pungent 

shining,  brilliant,     effulgent 
slaughter,  massacre,    carnage 

slow,  tardy,  dilatory 

small,  petty,  minute 

smell,  scent,  odor 

speech,  harangue,   oration 

spell,  charm,      incantation 
stingy,     covetous,     parsimonioua 

tease,  annoy,         disturb 

trim,  garnish,      adorn 

walk,  alley,  avenue 

watch  bivouac       vigil 

watchful,  alert,    •        vigilant 

weak,  feeble,  infirm 

weariness,  fatigue,       lassitude 

wedlock,  marriage,  matrimony 

wile,  finesse,        fraud 

yielding,  supple         flexible 


In  some  cases  all  of  the  synonyms  may  be  derived  from 
French,  as  in  danger,  hazard,  jeopardy,  peri..l,  risk ; — 
attack,  assail,  assault ; — or  they  may  be  chiefly  Latin,  as 
in  (harsh),  austere,  severe,  cruel,  rigorous; — (dull), obtuse, 
obscure,  languid,  torpid,  stupid,  stolid,  inert ; — calculate, 
compute,  enumerate ; — charm,  incantation,  fascination ; — 
animal,  beast,  brute,  creature. 

In  the  next  table,  the  first  column  is  English,  the 
second  is  derived  from  Latin,  and  the  third  from  Greek. 


94 


SYNONYMY. 


English,        Latin,  Greek. 

ball,               globe,  sphere 

beginning,   origin,  genesis 

dislike,       aversion,  antipathy 

hatred,  ill-will ;  repugnance, 
loathing,  detestation, 


droll, 

ludicrous,     comic 

dullness, 

stupor, 

lethargy 

earnest. 

ardent. 

zealous 

feeling, 
fit«. 

emotion,       pathos 
convulsion,  spasm 

fleeting, 
food. 

fugitive, 
aliment. 

ephemeral 
diet 

forebode. 

presage, 

prognostic 

foretell, 
ga-p 

predict, 
hi-atus 

prophesy 
cha-sm 

guile, 

likeness. 

deceit, 
simile. 

hypocrisy 
metaphor 

likeness, 
likeness, 

similitude,  parable 
model,       archetype 

English, 

likeness, 

madman, 

puke, 

ring, 

round  n, 

saying, 

sea, 

snake, 

song, 

speech, 

struggle, 

taper  n, 

thought, 

token, 

top ;     ap 

warm, 

•witness, 

wreath. 


Latin, 

image ; 

lunatic, 

vomit, 

circle, 

circuit, 

proverb. 


Greek. 

icon,  idol 

maniac 

emetic 

cycle 

period 

axiom 


marine,       oceanic 
serpent,  ophio(logyj 
canticle,      hymn, 
diction,        rhetoric 
contest,        agony 
candle,        lamp 

notion,        idea 
sign,  symptom 

ex,  summit;  acme 
tepid,  thermal 

attestor,      martyr 
crown,         diadem 


The  next  table  differs  from  the  preceding  one  in  having 
a  French  (including  Norman)  column  after  the  English 
one.     Most  of  the  French  words  are  varied  from  Latin. 


English, 

French, 

Latin, 

Greek. 

anger  (see  wrath),  rage, 

indignation 

frenzy 

belt,  girdle; 

surcingle 

cincture. 

zone 

bowman. 

archer, 

Sagittarius, 

toxophilite 

cup 

gob-let. 

crater. 

calyx 

daybook, 

journal 

diary, 

ephemeris 

den, 

cave. 

cavern, 

crypt 

din, 

fracas, 

clamor, 

clang 

evening. 

soiree. 

vesper 

Hesperus 

fat  (see  salve). 

grease. 

lard, 

stearine 

tellow, 

ointment 

unguent, 

cbrism 

fellow-feeling. 

pity,  mercy 

;  compassion. 

sympathy 

foe. 

enemy. 

adversary. 

antagonist 

forbear. 

cease. 

desist. 

pause 

forebode, 

presage, 

predict, 

prophesy 

forgiveness. 

pardon, 

remission, 

amnesty 

girdle, 

bandage. 

cincture, 

zone,  cestus 

SYNONYMY. 


95 


English,  French, 

glad,  blithe;  gay, 
grave,  tomb, 

groundwork,  foundation, 
half,  demi, 

head  chief, 

heathen,  gentile, 


hue,  dye; 

huge, 

husbandry, 

kingly, 

leader, 

likeness, 


tin..t, 

large,  vast; 

farm(ing), 

royal 

guide, 

portrait, 


Latin, 
jocund, 
sepulchre, 
substruction, 
semi- 
principal, 
pagan, 

color, 

grand, 

agriculture, 

regal, 

conductor. 


Greek. 

hilari(ous) 

(epi)taph 

ardh 

ethnt    1^  I  \    /.    ^,  ^ 


ohrom^    '  A    I     T  r 
gigantic  ^Vi^J  r()\ 


geoponics 
monarchic 
coryphaeus 
icon 


list,  roll,  register, 

look,  glance ;  survey,  inspection, 

madness,         folly,  ra..ge ;  insanity, 
meeting,  assembly,       convention, 


schedule,  catalog'"* 

scope 

mania 

synod 


merry, 

joyous. 

jocund,  jovial, 

i;uphrosyne 

moonlet, 

lunette, 

lunule, 

meniscus 

odd,  queer; 

bizarre. 

peculiar. 

idiosyncratic 

old, 

ancient 

antiquated. 

archaic 

outlaw  V, 

banish. 

proscribe, 

ostracise 

pang, 

anguish, 

dolor. 

ache 

peevish. 

testy. 

irritable. 

choleric 

pipe, 

condwit. 

tube. 

siphon,  syringe 

plague. 

pest 

pestilence, 

epidemic 

quack, 

charlatan, 

(circulator*), 

empiric 

quibble, 

chicane, 

cavil. 

sophism 

reckoning. 

coun..t. 

calculation, 

arithmetic 

riddle. 

charade. 

rebus. 

enigma 

sad. 

trist, 

dejected, 

melanchojy 

salve, 

ointment 

unguent, . 

plaster 

saw. 

adage. 

maxim, 

aphorism 

scoflF,  jeer; 

gibe. 

derision, 

sarcasm,  irony 

*  It  is  a  characteristic  of  quacks  to  circulate,  and  to  draw  attention  from 
some  such  elevation  as  a  bench  (whence  '  mountebank '),  or  by  means  of 
pretentious  advertisements. 


96 


SYNONYMY. 

English, 

French, 

Latin, 

Greek. 

scorn, 

reproach, 

opprobrium, 

slander 

seer, 

clairvoyant, 

augur, 

prophet 

shelter, 

retreat, 

refuge. 

asylum 

shield. 

guard. 

protection, 

phylactery 

short. 

brief. 

concise, 

laconic 

shorten, 

abridge 

abbreviate. 

epi-tom-ise 

sight. 

view. 

aspect. 

scene 

song,  lay ; 

chant 

canticle, 

hymn,  anthem 

soothsaying 

,  sorcery. 

augury. 

necromancy 

speech, 

language. 

diction. 

rhetoric 

spell. 

charm. 

incantation, 

philtre 

split,  rent; 

crevasse. 

fissure. 

schism 

stamp, 

punch. 

impression. 

type 

standard. 

model, 

exemplar. 

criterion 

steal, 

pillage. 

depredate, 

klepto(mania) 

stool,  bench 

;  chair, 

seat. 

throne 

strong, 

puissant. 

vigorous, 

en-erg-et'ic 

stout, 

sturdy, 

robust 

strength ; 

force,  power 

potency. 

dynam'ic  a. 

struggle, 

effort. 

contest, 

agony 

tail. 

queue. 

caud(al). 

(cyn:os)ure 

tale, 

novel, 

narrative,  fable 

myth,  history 

talk. 

parley. 

colloquy, 

dialogue 

taper. 

flambeau. 

candle. 

lamp 

thought. 

reverie, 

notion. 

idea 

throat, 

gorge. 

guttur(al). 

oesophagus 

token, 

gage. 

sign, 

symptom 

touching, 

tender. 

affecting. 

path-et'ic 

trick. 

ruse, 

artifice. 

stratagem 

.     .     .     . 

turn,  veer ; 

revolve. 

gyrate 

waterfall. 

chute,  cascade 

;  rapid. 

cataract 

wedding. 

espousal. 

nuptials. 

(mono)gamy' 

whim, 

caprice, 

conceit. 

fantasy 

wizard, 

sorcerer. 

conjurer. 

magic(iAN) 

wordiness, 

verbiage 

verbosity. 

poly'logy 

wrath. 

ire,  rage, 

fury. 

choler 

wreath, 

chaplet. 

crown. 

diadem 

SYNONYMY.  97 

The  following  adjectives  aud  the  nouns  they  describe, 
are  derived  from  Latin — 

false  accusations ;  fallacious  tests ;  counterfeit 
coin ;  artificial  flowers ;  factitious  gems ;  fictitious 
narratives ;  spurious  citations ;  fraudful  arts ;  fraud- 
ulent transactions ;  delusive  conceits ;  deceptive  in- 
ferences ;  deceitful  practices. 

Make,  shape,  build,  are  English:  create,  pro- 
duce, form,  fashion,  model,  construct,  are  based 
on  Latin. 

Epic,  hymn,  ode,  poem,  poesy,  psalm,  rhap- 
sody, are  based  on  Greek. 

Mad,  crazy,  moonstruck,  are  English :  delirium, 
insanity,  lunacy,  are  derived  from  Latin:  frenzy, 
idiocy,  mania,  are  based  on  Greek. 

Having  the  synonyms  yearly  and  annual,  the  latter 
has  been  extended  to  the  plants  called  annuals,  while 
animals  fully  a  year  old  are  known  as  yearlings. 

Some  nations  compute*  their  time  by  moons  or 
lunations. 

Silence  may  be  casual:  taciturnity  is  a  habit: 
reticence  is  due  to  caution.  The  silent  man  does  not 
wish  to  speak  :  the  taciturh  man  speaks  but  little :  the 
reticent  man  restrains  his  speech.  Jurymen  are  silent — 
they  listen  to  the  pleadings :  the  judge  is  taciturn — he 
must  see  that  the  case  is  properly  conducted :  the  prisoner 
is  reticent — his  lawyer  speaks  for  him,  because  his  own 
speech  might  betray  him. 

*  Here  'compute'  is  a  better  term  than  its  shorter  form  'count'  would  be. 
9  G 


98  SYNONYMY. 

Linen  is  bleached  by  exposing  it  to  the  light :  celery 
is  blanched  by  j^re venting  the  access  of  light.    » 

Sailors  manage  a  ship,  the  captain  navigates  it. 

Skilful  (Angl.  scylan  to  dis-tinguish,)  implies  discern- 
ment added  to  the  power  of  doing :  dexterity  (dextra 
the  right  hand,)  is  righthandeduess  as  distinguished  from 
awkwardness:  adroitness  (p.  85)  is  dii^edness  or  straight- 
forwardness,  a  going  at  once  to  the  object,  but  often  im- 
plying unscrupulousness,  as  in  speaking  of  a  person  as  a 
skilful  lawyer  and  an  adroit  politician.  To  be  ex-per-t  is 
to  act  from  ex-per*i-ence,  therefore  like  one  who  has  mas- 
tered his  art. 

When  a  man's  speech  is  not  as  rapid  as  his  ideas,  he 
hesitates :  when  he  speaks  disjointed! y  from  not  know- 
ing what  to  say,  he  stammers :  when,  on  account  of 
spasm,  there  is  a  want  of  proper  control  over  the  speech 
organs,  he  stutters. 

AVhen  a  person  does  not  care  to  be  understood,  he 
mumbles :  when  he  does  not  care  to  be  heard  by  an- 
other person,  he  mutters :  when  his  suppressed  words 
are  complaints,  he  murmurs ;  and  when  they  are  due  to 
a  fault-finding  disposition,  he  grumbles. 

A  rock  is  a  large  mass  of  stone:  a  cliff  is  a  high 
precipitous  front  of  rock :  a  peak  is  a  pointed  mountain, 
such  as  Pike's  Peak,  or  the  Peak  of  Teneriffe :  a  bluff 
is  a  high  steep  bank,  as  at  IMemj^his,  Tennessee. 

When  a  man's  wages  are  due  for  his  earnings,  he 
should  get  his  pay  in  cash. 


SYNONYMY.  99 

The  sed-ulous  or  as-sid-uous  man  sits  (or  continues) 
at  an  employment  without  permitting  himself  to  be  drawn 
aside  by  distractions.  To  be  di-lig-ent  (see  p.  78)  is  to 
attend  to  a  special  matter.  To  be  industrious  is  to 
be  free  from  idleness,  and  generally  active.  To  be 
expeditious  (ex-ped-ire  to  free  the  ped-es  feet  ex 
from,  i.  e.  a  snare,)  is  to  move  without  im-ped-iment — 
un-im-ped-ed,  or  primarily,  with  the  feet  free,  and 
implying  rapid  work  with  a  matter  in  hand.  A  man  is 
laborious  when  his  task  is  difficult ;  he  may  be  diligent, 
and  do  his  work  with  laborious  minuteness. 

An  im-age  is  an  im-itation,  s-im-ilitude,  figure,  effigy 
or  likeness,  generally  a  small  statue  or  bust  representing 
a  real  or  an  ideal  object.  An  ef-fig-y  (FInGere  to 
shape,  model,)  is  a  fig-ure  shaped  or  modeled,  a  copy,  a 
likeness.  A  statue  (statu' ere  to  cause  to  stand,  to  set 
up,)  is  a  likeness  or  ornamental  figure,  frequently  carved 
in  marble,  and  intended  to  be  set  up.  A  picture  is  the 
work  of  a  (pic-t-or)  painter,  done  with  pig-ments.  An 
idol  (Gr.  id-6in  to  see;  Si'dolon  image,  phantom,  fancy, 
id-e'a;  in  church  Greek,  an  idol,)  hence  idolatry  idol- 
worship  ;  but  '  icon '  (Gr.  Sicon  figure,  image,  likeness,) 
gives  icon:o-clast  an  image-breaker.  A  child  may  be 
called — the  '  image '  of  his  father  and  the  '  idol '  of  his 
mother.     To  *  idolise '  is  to  love  to  excess. 

An  excuse  is  an  apology  for  what  is  admitted  to  be 
wrong :  a  pretext  is  a  false  reason  for  a  voluntary  act 
pretended  to  be  right.  Excuses  are  for  explanation,  pre- 
texts for  deception. 

The  pretext  of  Frederick  II.,  when  he  was  meditating  some  act  of 
rapine,  generally  was  that  he  believed  some  hostile  combination  had 
been  formed  against  him,  which  it  was  wise  to  anticipate.  Encyc. 
Britannica,  vol.  3,  1876. 


100  SYNONYMY. 

In  the  TJ.  S.,  balance  is  used  incorrectly  for  re- 
mainder, of  which  it  is  not  a  synonym.  It  can  be  used 
for  things  that  are  (or  were  formerly)  weighed,  as  money, 
and  by  extension,  money  accounts. 

Deplore  differs  from  lament  in  having  a  particular 
object  in  view,  like  bewail  in  comparison  witR  wail. 
(See  the  prefixes  DE  and  be-.)  A  man  laments  his  mis- 
fortunes and  deplores  his  consequent  misery. 

Lively  and  vivid  (viv-o  I  live,)  imply  life  and  its 
effects.  A  lively  wit — dance — tune ;  a  vivid  flash — pic- 
ture— imagination ;  a  lively  or  vivid  description. 

To  obstruct  is  to  block  up  or  place  obstacles  in  a 
passage-way.  To  impede  is  to  retard  progression.  Ice 
may  obstruct  a  river  and  impede  ships  in  their  passage. 
An  obstruction  in  the  throat  may  cause  an  impedi- 
ment of  speech. 

To  read  (German  'reden '  to  speak,)  is  to  recite  audibly 
or  observe  mentally,  words  and  characters  as  represented 
to  the  eye;  and  by  extension,  to  read  the  thoughts — the 
mind — the  signs  of  the  times.  To  peruse  is  to  read 
attentively;  also,  to  examine  carefully  from  point  to 
point,  as  in  scanning  the  features. 

My  felf  I  then  perus'd,  and  Limb  by  Limb 
Survey'd, ...Mi/ion,  Par.  Lost,  ed.  1678,  bk  8,  I.  267. 

A  despot  (originally  a  master  of  slaves,)  is  an  absolute 
ruler.  A  tyrant  is  an  absolute  ruler  who  rules  with 
cruelty.  Both  words  are  derived  from  Greek,  and  imply 
rulers  who  are  not  subject  to  the  restraints  of  laws  or 
constitutions. 

Salubrious  health-bringing ;  salutary  promotive  of 
health  and  of  wholesome  influences.  A  salubrious 
climate ;  a  salutary  example. 


SYNONYMY.  101 

Windowglass  is  said  to  be  trans-par-ent,  because 
objects  appear  (trans)  beyond  it :  ground  glass  is  trans- 
lucent, it  allows  the  light  but  not  the  sight  to  extend 
beyond  it:  a  clear  fragment  of  glass  is  pellucid  in 
allowing  light  to  pass  (pel-  for  per)  through  it,  but  its 
shape  may  be  such  as  to  prevent  the  recognition  of  objects 
beyond. 

To  ad-ore  (or-o  I  pray,  ad  to^  is  to  address  in  prayer. 
To  in-voke  (v6c-o  I  call,  in  upon,)  is  to  call  upon  in 
words.  To  wor-.-ship  (for  worth-ship,)  is  to  yield  due 
worth  (honor,  dignity,  veneration,)  especially  divine  honor. 
We  may  ^  adore '  in  private,  we  *  worship '  in  public,  and 
in  either  case  we  'invoke'  divine  aid.  *Adore'  and 
'  worship '  are  often  confounded,  nor  are  they  properly 


A  clammy  sweat :  a  sticky  surface :  viscous  (gluey 
and  ropy,)  sap :  an  adhesive  plaster :  a  tenacious 
hold :  a  retentive  memory. 

A  post  (something  joosifed,  set,  placed,)  is  an  upright  of 
wood,  stone,  or  metal,  as  a  door-post,  gate-post,  guide-post, 
hitching-post,  fence-post ;  a  military  post,  or  station  for 
soldiers.  A  buttress  is  a  high  support  projecting  from 
a  wall,  sometimes  ornamental  in  its  character,  as  in  Gothic 
architecture.  A  column  is  a  cylindric  or  tapering  pillar 
adapted  for  architectural  purposes,  and  having  definite 
proportions.  The  use  of  the  word  extends  to  columns  of 
print,  of  soldiers,  of  figures.  A  pilaster  is  a  square 
architectural  column.  A  pillar  is  a  detached  upright 
without  claims  to  architectural  proportion ;  nevertheless, 
the  so-called  Pompey's  Pillar  (Diocletian's)  is  a  column, 
but  without  being  part  of  a  building.  An  obelisk  is  a 
four-sided,  tapering  pillar  ending  in  a  small  pyramid.     A 


102  SYNONYMY. 

mole  or  seawall  protecting  a  port,  is  sometimes  called  a 
pier.  "When  a  bridge  is  too  long  to  be  supported  by  its 
abutments,  it  requires  intermediate  piers.  Portions 
of  wall  between  windows,  &c.,  are  called  piers.  Hence,  a 
pier-table,  a  pier-glass. 

Bindweed  is  so  called  from  its  winding  stem,  its 
botanic  name  convolvulus  is  due  to  its  blossom,  which 
is  rolled  together  before  opening. 

jewel  (connected  with  'joy')  is  an  ornament  of  stone, 
glass,  shell,  pearl,  or  other  showy  material,  adapted  for 
wearing:  a  gem  is  a  precious  stone  either  rough  or 
polished,  set  or  unset.  A  glazier's  diamond  is  a  gem,  it 
is  not  a  jewel.  Jet  (a  kind  of  coal)  is  not  a  gem,  but  it 
may  be  worked  into  jewelry. 


103 


APPENDIX 


PRONUNCIATION     OF     LATIN. 

It  is  important  to  pronounce  Latin  as  directed  by  the  ancient  gram- 
marians, or  about  as  follows — 


Ale 

tng  in  arm,  shoii 

b  in  art,     never  as  in  at. 

E 

"      they,     " 

eight. 

«        ebb. 

I 

"      field,     " 

deceit. 

"        it. 

0 

"      oh,        " 

5-bey, 

"        ox. 

U 

"      fool,      " 

full, 

"        up. 

AE  or  M  like  ai  in  '  aisle  j'  OE  or  (E  nearly  like  o-y  in  *  showy ;' 
AV  or  AU  like  ou  in  *  house,'  or  German  *haus.'  UI  like  oo-y,  not 
like  wee. 

"  Thus  if  you  to  the  first  this  rule  apply 
My  rhyme  will  aid  you  to  pronounce  it  M.".. 

"Living  Latin,"  London,  1847. 

C,  G  (named  cay  and  gay  by  the  Romans)  are  always  pure  as  in  car, 
sceptic,  scheme,  get,  give — their  Anglosaxon,  Irish  and  "Welsh  powers  as 
taken  early  from  Latin.  Hence  (with  each  *c'  as  h)  Lat.  cancer  en- 
tered Anglosaxon  and  became  English  '  canker,'  while  the  book-word 
*  cancer'  entered  after  *c'  had  borrowed  its  s-power  from  French. 

J  as  in  German  and  Polish,  or  English  'y'  in  year,  or  'j'  in  halle- 
lujah, fjord,  majolica — sometimes  spelled  '  maiolica.' 

M  as  in  English,  except  that  when  final  it  only  nasalises  the  preced- 
ing vowel,  as  in  Portuguese  bom  (=  bo°^  good)  or  French  bon  (=  bo°). 
Doubled  consonant  letters  are  to  be  distinctly  doubled  in  sound,  the 
*mm'  in  immortalis  as  in  drum-major.  N  as  in  no,  and  (before  C,  G, 
X,  Q)  in  angle,  anchor.  Q  shows  that  the  following  V  (oo)  or  U  has 
the  power  of  *  W  in  icell. 

R  requires  to  be  trilled.  S  as  in  hiss  (its  Spanish  power,)  never  as 
in  miser,  mission. 

T  always  as  in  tea,  na-tio  =na-tee-o  (nation).  V  (oo)  like  *wMn 
tcell  or  *u'  in  quart.     Hence  it  was  easy  to  have  the  two  forms  sil-ta 


104  APPENDIX. 

=  seel-wa  (a  wood)  and  sil-u-I  =  seel-oo-a ;  mIl-vus  =  meel-woos  (a 
hawk)  and  mil-u-us  =  meel-oo-oos.  The  confusion  in  English  dialects 
between  Eng.  w  and  v  may  be  attributed  to  the  fact  that  the  former  was 
a  stranger  to  the  Normans  and  the  latter  to  the  Anglosaxons.  Hence 
Latin  V^  i^cay)  remained  in  vinu"^,  Angl.  vin  =  ween,  Eng.  *  wine,' 
while  the  Normans  transmitted  the  later  V*  in  'vin-egar' — eager  (or 
sharp)  wine, 

MARKS   AND   ABBREVIATIONS. 

Words  hyphened  like  di-stant,  brut-al-ise,  to  indicate  their  etymology, 
are  not  intended  to  be  thus  pronounced. 

J  Assimilation,  as  when  ad-  becomes  af-,  in  af-feot^. 

+  Obsolete,  disused,  or  supposed  forms. 

Educed  elements  are  represented  as  in  number,  numer-ous,  where  b  is 
educed  from  m. 

..  Indicate  (with  italics)  neglected  or  "silent"  elements,  as  in  coun- 
terfei..t,  which  has  lost  the  c  of  counterfict;  may..,  mi^^^t,  &c. 

=  Pronunciation,  as  as-sagay'  (^gay'  =  guy.) 

A  single  dot  (•)  marks  a  nominative  case  sign,  (as  -or  in  don.or,  or 
what  is  left  of  it,  as  in  ann-u-al,  where  u  is  part  of  the  nominative  case 
sign  -us  in  Lat.  ann-us  (year.) 

Two  dots  (:)  indicate  a  genitive  case  sign  or  a  fragment  of  it,  as  in 
pur:i-fy.  See  under  Grammar.  A  sloped  hyphen  (-)  indicates  a  par- 
ticipial element,  as  t  in  di-rec-tor  and  «  in  *  fal-s:i-fy.' 

The  German  hyphen  (=»)  indicates  formative  elements,  as  i  in 
'med#i-um.' 

Kng\.  Anglish  ox  Angloaaxon ;  Ger.  German;  Gr.  Greek;  Fr.  French; 
Nrm.  Norman;  Lat.  Latin. 

V.  verb ;  n.  noun;  a.  (or  adj.)  adjective;  nova.,  nominative ;  gen.  geni- 
tive;  -pi.  2ilural;  dim.  diminutival ;  ivQ<\.  frequentative ;  paxt.  participle  ; 
pert,  pertaining. 

The  small  numbers  added  to  letters  (as  a^,  a^,)  indicate  the  pronunci- 
ation in  the  presumed  historic  order  of  their  powers. 

The  first  number  marks  the  supposed  earliest  power  (as  o^  in  bo^ld), 
and  the  power  which  each  letter  thus  marked  should  have  in  all  lan- 
guages where  the  Roman  alphabet  is  used.  This  would  be  an  aid  in 
etymology,  and  would  be  a  step  in  the  right  direction  towards  a  uni- 
versal alphabet.  The  higher  the  number  the  farther  is  the  letter  from 
its  proper  power. 

a^  in  *  arm,'  'father/  (for  which  French  a  is  often  used).  It  is  short 
in  a^rt. 

a-  in  'all'  (d  of  some  philologists),  short  and  closer  in  'wha^t'  (for 
which  D  has  been  proposed),     a*  in  *fat.' 


APPENDIX.  105 

el  in  'vein/  Latin  v^e^na;  e-  in  'met'  (Greek  e),  lengthened  and 
open  in  'the^re'  (Greek  tj),  French  e;  e*  for  the  coalescent  i-''  in  Latin 
*  ae '  or  ae  (a^i^) ;  e^  in  *  me.' 

i^  in  '  mariine/  for  which  French  i  is  often  used ;  i^  for  the  coalescent 
i  in  'oil,'  'aisle.'     i*  in  'it;'  i^  in  'ice.' 

0^  in  'old/  for  which  some  philologists  use  8;  the  same  sound  is  pro- 
nounced quickly  in  '6^-bey/  o^  like  a^  in  out  (=o^u^),'  o*  in  'on/ 

n^  (oo)  in  'rule/  'ooze/  short  and  closer  in  'fu^ll;  u'  for  the  coa- 
lescent in  'out.'     u*  (yoo)  in  'use/  u^  in  'up.* 

y'  in  'year' — (y^  being  the  Greek,  Danish,  Anglish  vowel  'y/  French 
'u,'  German  '  ii.') 

v^  in  'vine' — (v^  being  Lat.  and  Angl.  'v'  which  are  Eng.  'w^'  in 
'we,'  'w^'  having,  been  made  for  its  German  sound,  f^  in  'fife/  f^ 
in  'of.' 

j2,  g2,  in  'judge/  'gem' — (j^,  g'  being  French,  like  'zh'  heard  in 
'azure/ j^  as  Latin  and  German  j,  a  sound  for  which  'J'  was  made,) 
g^  in  'give.' 

c^  (as  k)  in  'sceptic/  c^  in  'chip/  c'  in  'ocean;'  c*  in  'cell.' 

s^  in  'hiss/  s^  in  'miser;'  s'  like  *ssi'  in  'mission.' 

In  all  the  tables,  allied  words  are  not  separated  by  a  point  as — 
"  half  halve,"  but  unconnected  words  have  a  comma  or  semicolon  in- 
terposed, as  in  separating  the  synonyms  "hue,  dye;  tin..t,  color, 
chrome"  into  the  four  classes  of  English,  French,  Latin,  Greek,  p.  95. 

In  the  headings  of  the  chapter  on  Derivation,  definitions  are  some- 
times given  in  heavy  type,  thus — "clar-tjs  clear,  bright."  This  is 
to  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  defining  word  clear  is  a  form  of 
CLARUS,  of  which  both  dear  and  bright  are  definitions. 

EXAMPLES   OF  WORDS   CONTRIBUTED   TO   ENGLISH"  BY 
VARIOUS   LANGUAGES. 

Arabic — al-kali  (al,  el  the),  al-cohol,  al-gebra,  al-manac,  amber,  amir, 
as-sagay'  ('gay'  z=gxty),  azimuth,  borax,  burnoose,  caliph,  carat,  carob, 
cipher,  coS'ee,  cotton,  dragoman,  el-ixir,  fakir,  gazelle,  girafi"e,  hakim, 
henna,  hidj'ra  (formerly  heg'ira),  jerboa,  Koran,  mameluke,  monsoon, 
muezzin,  natron,  razzia  (with  English  z),  safiron,  sa'hara  (a  desert), 
sahib,  silep,  simoom,  sirocco,  sultan,  suimac,  tale,  tamarind,  tare,  tarif, 
tsetse,  tutty,  usnea  (a  genus  of  plants),  wady  (a  valley  with  a  stream), 
zen'ith,  zero,  zimb,  zouave, — zumboor'ak  a  small  cannon  fired  from 
a  camel,  Arab,  zambur'  a  hornet.^-   (52  examples.) 

*  English  formerly  had  such  metaphoric  names  for  cannon  as  culver,  cul- 
verin,  Fr.  couleuvre  a  snake;  drake  (for  dragon);  fawkon,  fawconet  (fa/con), 
Baker,  sakeret  (kinds  of  hawk.) 


106  APPENDIX. 

Anstralian — boomerang,  dingo  (wild  dog),  kadjo  (a  very  adhesive 
gum),  kangaroo,  West  Australian  *kang-arang-a,*  applied  to  the 
mother  animal,  who  carries  her  young  in  a  pouch; — *gang-ow'  (but 
gay,  k,  are  freely  interchanged,)  to  carry ;  South  Australian  *kang- 
arendi'  to  bring  forth;  '  kangariburka'  a  bearer;  a  prolific  woman. 

Basque — anchovy,  bizarre,  chapparal,  bayonet  (from  Bayonne). 

Brasilian — (Tupi  =  too-pee',  of  Brasil) — agouti>  capibara,  cavy, 
coati,  jaguar,  manioc,  pyranga,  tanager,  tapir,  tapioca,  cashew 
(aeajti,  from  aca  branch,  ju  berry.) 

Chinese — kaolin  porcelain  clay ;  Ch.  kaulin,  from  kau  (=  cow) 
high,  lin  ridge,  pek'oe  a  kind  of  tea;  Ch.  pak-ho,  from  pak  lohite, 
ho  doion  (of  plants).  SAvaupan  (swan  to  reckon,  pwan  a  plate  or 
board,)  a  reckoning  instrument  consisting  of  a  frame  with  beads 
moving  on  rods.  tanka  (tan  egg,  kay  house,)  a  kind  of  boat. 
ginseng  (dzhin  vian,  seang  form,) — when  the  root  of  this  medicinal 
plant  has  two  branches  it  is  compared  to  the  form  of  a  man.  hongho, 
'hong'  yellow,  h6'  river,  commonly  spelt  'Hoang-ho'  or  '  Whang-ho.' 

Cornish  mining  terms — attle,  gossan  (=  gozn),  growan,  killas, 
prian,  stull,  wheal.  Cornish  is  akin  to  Welsh,  and  was  formerly 
«poken  in  the  celebrated  mining  region  of  Cornwall. 

Dutch — boom,  boor  (farmer,  colonist),  daalder  (=  dalder  dollar), 
dam,  eland,  g^emsbok,  luflF,  lugger,  kraal  (=  krS,l),  scoop,  sloop,  sloat, 
slobber,  sluice,  yacht,  yaw. 

French — adieu,  amateur,  avalanche,  barricade,  bayou,  belles-lettres, 
brigade,  burlesque,  cache,  cadet,  cajole,  chagrin,  chaise,  chamois,  chan- 
delier, charade,  charlatan,  chenille,  chevalier,  chicane  ('ch'='sh'in 
all  these),  concert,  coquette,  courier  (Fr.  courrier),  crevasse,  cuirassier, 
dandelion,  debris,  debuf,  depo?,  echelon,  encore,  environ,  fagade,  leger- 
demain, mirage,  palette,  parapet,  parasol,  parterre,  patrol,  personnel, 
pivot,  prairie,  ravelin,  reservoir,  ruse,  soiree,  sortie,  tambourine,  toil- 
ette, trousseau,  vignette,  — ville.  (62)  At  least  five  hundred  words  suffi- 
ciently alike  to  be  recognisable,  are  common  to  French  and  English, 
which  makes  the  acquisition  of  French  to  one  who  knows  English,  a 
matter  of  less  difiBculty  than  that  of  any  other  language  of  civilisation. 

German — The  Germans  were  early  students  of  mineralogy,  and 
have  given  us  the  terms  bismuth,  blende,  cobalt,  feldspar,  (or  felspar), 
gneiss,  nickel,  quartz,  schorl,  sinter,  wolfram,  zink. 


APPENDIX.  107 

Greek — acme,  aloe,  ambrosia,  analysis,  anemone,  antithesis,  apocope, 
aroma,  asthma,  basis,  calyx,  canon,  canthar'ides  (pi.  of  cantharis), 
castor,  catastrophe,  chaos,  clem'atis,  colon,  cotyledon,  crater,  crisis, 
criterion,  diapason,  dogma,  echo,  emphasis,  epidermis,  epitome,  epocha, 
genesis,  glottis,  hyaena,  hyper'bole,  hyphen,  hypothesis,  ichneumon, 
idea,  iris,  lexicon,  martyr,  myrmidon,  naphtha,  nectar,  onyx,  orchestra, 
ox'alis,  panorama,  panther,  path'os,  pelecan,  phalanx,  phlox,  pyri'tes, 
rhinoceros,  sard'onyx,  scoria,  sepia,  skeleton,  stigma,  synthesis,  synop- 
sis, thorax.  (62)  Greek  nouns  in  -on,  as  tympanon,  commonly  take 
-um  in  Latin,  as  in  tymp'anum,  and  -os  usually  becomes  Latin  -us,  as 
in  asbestos,  asbestus. 

Hebrew — amen,  behemoth,  bethel,  cabal',  cab'ala,  camel,  cassia, 
cherub,  corban,  bosanna,  leviathan,  manna,  pas'ch(al),  rabbi,  sab'a-oth, 
shek'el  and  sic'le.     Chaldee  gives  abbot,  mammon,  talmud,  targum. 

Hindoo — bhang,  bangle,  cockatoo,  cowry,  gunny,  jingal  (a  kind  of 
gun),  jungle,  pundit,  raja,  rupee,  t'hug  (assassin),  bandan'a,  a  col- 
ored handkerchief  with  undycd  spots.  Hind,  brmd'hna  to  tie,  whence 
bund'hnu  indicates  a  mode  of  dyeing  in  which  the  material  is  Hed  vp 
at  various  points  to  exclude  the  color,  thus  producing  a  spotted  texture. 
chints  {spotted  cotton  cloth)  is  akin  to  a  verb  meaning  to  sprinkle. 

Irish — booty,  bullock,  carrageen,  shamrock,  shanty,  pilcher  or 
pilchard  (Ir.  pU?eir)  a  kind  of  herring,  "sprats  and  pilehers." 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher.  (Welsh  'pile'  that  whisks  about.)  pilser  a 
moth  or  fly  that  wliislcs  about  a  flame. 

Italian — brivo,  canto,  cupola,  doge,  gondola,  gusto,  macaroni, 
studio,  and  many  musical  terms,  such  as  fort-e,  piano,  solo,  sonata, 
soprano;  and  the  geologic  terms  solfatara,  travertin,  tu^fa,  lava. 

liatin — acu'men,  addendum,  alias,  alibi,  aliquot,  alumnus,  animal, 
animus,  apparatus,  appendix,  arbiter,  arbitrator,  ar'butus,*  arcanum, 
arena,  augur,  axis,  bitu'men,  circus,  compendium,  consul,  convolvulus, 
decorum,  delirium,  detritus,  doctor,  dolor,  effluvium,  erratum,  error, 
exit,  extemp'ore  (4  syllab.),  farina,  farrago,  focus,  folio,  forum,  fulcrum, 
galena,  genius,  genus,  gratis,  honor,  impetus,  impromptu,  inertia, 
interior,  item,  labor,  lamina,  larva,  lens,  major,  maximum,  medium, 
memorandum,  minor,  minus,  nebula,  neuter,  nucleus,  octavo,  odium, 
odor,  pendulum,  plumbago,  prospectus,  quietus,  quondam,  quorum, 
quota,  radius,  ratio,  requiem,  residuum,  rostrum,  rumor,  senior,  series, 
simile,  solus,  species,  specimen,  speculator,  speculum,  stimulus,  stratum, 
(pi.  strata),  superficies,  superior,  terminus,  terror,  toga,  torpedo,  tumu- 
lus, varix,  verbatim,  vertigo,  vesper,  veto,  virago.  (100) 
*  With  ornus  now,  the  pitch-tree  next,  takes  root. 
And  arbutus  adorn'd  with  blushing  fruit:    Congreve. 


108  APPENDIX. 

Malay — atoll,  babyroussa,  bamboo,  cajeput,  gambier,  gutta-percha, 
kris  or  creese,  orang-ootan  (orang  man,  ootan  loild),  pangolin,  prahu  (a 
kind  of  ship),  ratan  (rotan  a  stick),  sago,  tombac,  sampan  (a  kind  of 
boat),  upas  (=  oopas  poison,  a  half-fabulous  poisonous  tree). 

Mexican — ocelot  (ocelotl,  from  oq2i,io  paint,)  a  species  of  spotted 
cat.  coyo-te  (coyotl,  from  coyo-nya,  to  dig,)  the  prairie  wolf,  -which 
digs  holes ;  hence  '  to  coyo-te,'  *  coyo-te-ing ' — applied  in  California  to 
underground  mining  in  narrow  holes. 

North  American  (of  the  Algonkin  stock) — hackee,  hickory, 
hominy,  manito,  moccasin,  moose,  musquash,  pemmican,  persimmon, 
possum,  powwow,  skunk,  samp,  squaw,  terrapin,  tomahawk,  totem.  (17) 

Norman  (as  used  in  old  English) — abate,  abridgement,  abstinence, 
affray,  age,  amend,  amendment,  amiable  (Fr.  aimable),  annoy,  '''ante 
(aunt),  +apparence  (appearance),  "''armure  (armor),  array,  art,  +aven- 
ture,  +bachilere  (bachelor),  benevolence,  +beiste  (beast),  bible,  blame, 
+boun-te  (whence  boun-te-ous),  +boussel  (bushel,  Nrm.  bosel,  Fr.  bois- 
seau),  +buzard,  cage,  chase,  chain,  chair,  chalice,  tchambre,  champion, 
chance,  change,  channel,  chant,  +chapelle,  charge,  charnel,  chief, 
+chivalrie  (*ch'  ='tsh'  in  all  these),  clerk,  comfort,  conquest,  corporal, 
corse,  covenant,  +corone  (a  crown  or  garland),  +croun  (crown  of  the 
head),  +crede  (creed),  cruel,  +culur  (color),  tcurtesie,  damage,  +damosel, 
danger,  +defens,  +demande,  deny,  +dette,  +dettur,  disease,  +embesile 
(embezzle),  embrace,  enclose  (Fr.  enclore),  enhance,  +envie,  false, 
familiar,  +faucon  (fa/con),  felon,  felonie,  font  and  fount,  +forain,  force, 
forfeit,  fortune,  franchise,  fosse,  +garnement  (garment),  garrison, 
+genti^l  (whence  gentil-ity),  tglorie  (Fr.  gloire),  +glorius,  grace,  grant, 
guise,  +hardi  (whence  hardi-hood),  +historie  (Fr.  histoire),  honest, 
+honure  (honor  1550,  Nrm.  honur,  oner,  Fr.  honneur),  hospital,  ire, 
jewel,  ■'■jurie,  +justise,  lampe,  lance,  language  (Nrm.,  Fr.  langage"), 
Tleysir  (leisure),  tmaladie  (accounting  for  the  pi.  maladies),  medicine, 
traerci  (1270,  compare  merciful),  tmercie  (1303),  mercy  (1330),  miracle, 
minstrel,  obligation,  oblivion,  paramount,  parlance,  parole,  pasture, 
place,  pledge,  +plen-te,  +plen-te-us,  poise,  +povere  (poor),  +prelat, 
prison,  +purpre  (purple),  quart,  rage,  rancor,  refuse,  regard,  +reison 
(reason,  Fr.  raison),  +richesse,  riot,  +robberie,  sac'rament,  tsacrifise, 
+salm  (psalm),  sergeant  (Nrm.  serjant),  +servise,  siege,  simple,  tsquier, 
+stanche,  station,  statute,  suborn,  sue,  +suffre,  +suretie  and  tsuretee, 
tempest,  temple,  +testimonie,  +trecherie,  tremor  (Nrm.  tremor  and 
tremur),  +trespas,  trouble,  varlet,  +veri-te,  +verray  (very),  vesture, 
tvirtu  (compare  virtu-ous),  vice,  +vitailes  (victuals),  voice  (Nrm.  vois, 
voce),  warrant,  +ymage.  (162) 


APPENDIX.  109 

Persian — azure,  bazar,  bezoar,  caravan,  civet,  darwesh  (Arab,  fakir), 
divan,  julep,  kermes,  khediv  (title  of  the  sovereign  of  Egypt),  lazuli, 
pagoda,-  paradise,  scarlet,  sepoy,  shah,  shawl,  tulip,  turban,  turpeth. 

Peruvian — condor,  guano,  alpaca,  pS.co,  llama,  pampas,  pu^ma. 

Polynesian — pah  (a  New  Zealand  fort),  cava,  tabu^,  tapa,  taro, 
tutoo'  (ta  to  fitrike,  tata  a  mallei,)  to  ornament  the  skin  by  color  driven 
in  with  a  kind  of  comb  struck  with  a  stick. 

Portuguese — caste,  fetish,  mandarin,  palaver,  pimenta,  tank, 
tomato  (properly  tomS,te),  yam.  Port,  inhame  {=ijiya7ne,  *nh'='ni'  in 
ouio)},)  from  a  native  name. 

Russian — barometz,  beltiga,  britzska,  cossack  (=kozak),  kabitka, 
knout  (=  knoot),  kopeck,  kreralin,  mammoth,  morse,  rooble,  steppe, 
tsar,  tsaritsa  (empress),  ukase  (=  ookaz),  vaivode  ('  ai '  as  in  aisle), 
verst. 

Spanish — alligator  (Sp.  aligaddr),  armada,  armadillo,  barilla, 
bonito,  calaboose,  cafion  (=  canyon),  cascarilla,  cigar,  fandango,  fane^ga, 
garr6te  (Marryatt,  1835).  hacienda,  indigo,  lagoon  (Sp.  lagtina),  lasso 
(Sp.  lazo),  mosq?<ito,  mustang  (Sp.  mest^no),  mestizo,  palaver,  placer, 
rancho,  saraband,  sierra,  tornado,  vanilla. 

Swedish — trap  (a  mineral),  tungsten  (tung  heavy,  sten  atone), 
vik-ing. 

Turkish — be^y  or  be^g  (fem.  be^gum),  caftan,  caique,  caviar,  kiosk, 
yatagfian. 

Welsh — aspen,  bard,  basket,  bran,  brawl,  carol,  coot,  coracle,  crom- 
lech, dock  (to  cut  oflF),  druid,  flannel,  glen,  groan,  grumble,  gull  (the 
bird),  hoiden,  holly,  hopper  (the  stcalloicer  of  a  mill),  kiln,  lawn,  league 
(3  miles),  maggot,  marl,  mattock,  mesh  or  mash  (of  a  net),  mop,  mor- 
tise, rim,  scut,  tall,  truant,  widgeon,  yew. 

Words  from  the  names  of  persons  or  people,  real  or  fabulous— 

aristarch,  athenfeum,  atlas,  Atlantic,  bacchic,  bacchanal,  cereal, 
Crispin,  dahlia  (from  Dahl  a  Swede),  dalea  (a  plant  named  after  Dale 
an  Englishman),  derrick,  epicure,  frank,  galvanise,  ginllotine,  hector, 
herculean,  hermetic,  jack,  jovial,  kyanise  (to  preserve  wood  by  Kyan's 
process),  lazaretto,  macadamise,  martial,  maudlin,  mausoleum,  mentor, 
mercury,  mithridate,  napoleon  (a  gold  coin),  obsidian,  orrery,  panic, 

*  "  From  the  Persian  word  Poutgheda,"  Account  of  Siam,  1685-8.    Harris's 
Voyages  2,  482. 
10 


no 


APPENDIX. 


petrel,  philippic,  pinchbeck,  quassia,  quixotic,  rodomontade,  saturnian, 
shaddock,  shadrach,  shrapnel,  silhouette,  simony,  tantalise,  valentine, 
vernier,  vestal,  volcano  (Vulcan) — and  various  minerals  and  plants. 


Geographic  words  are  due  to  the  names  of  places.     The  name  of  the 
river  Achates  gives  '  agate ' —  * 


Armenia  ermine 
Artois  artesian 
Ascalon  scallion 
Ascalon  shallot 
Bethlehem  bedlam 
Calicut  calico 

Cambodia  gamboge 
Cambray  cambric 
Carron  carronade 
Chalcedon  calced'ony 
Chalons  shalloon 
Cordova  cordwainer 

Croatia  cravat 
Corinth  currants 
C^ydonia  quince 
C^yprus  copper 


Damascus  damson 
Delft  delf 
Egypt  gypsy 
Florence  florin 
Frisia  frieze 
Gagas  jet 


Milan'  milliner 
Moussul  muslin 
Nankin  nankeen 
Oporto  port(wine) 
Pergamos  parchment 
Persia  pea..ch 


Gascony  gasconade        Phasis  pheasant 
Geneva  gin  Sardes  sard  sard'onyx 

Hochheim  hock  (wine)  Sardinia  sardine 
India  indigo  Sinope  sinople. 

Kashmir  cashmere         Spain  spaniel 
Ka/shmir  cassimere         Syene  syenite 


Kashmir  kerseymere  Tarentum  tarantola 

Labrador  labradorite  Turkey  turquoise 

Laconia  laconic  Turkey  turkey 

Magnesia  magnet  Xalapa  jalap 

C^yprus  gopher(-wood)  Magnesia  manganese  Xeres  sherry 

Damascus  damask  Majorca  maj^olica  Ytterby  yttria 


Some  retain  the  original  forms,  as — canary,  china,  cremona,  galloway, 
guinea,  made^ira,  magnesia,  morocco,  sienna,  tripoli,  worsted. 

MadeHra  took  its  name  from  the  (Portuguese  'made^ira')  timber  or 
uood  with  which  the  isle  was  covered  at  the  period  of  its  discovery 
(1419-20).  The  word  is  derived  from  Lat  materia,  meaning  not  only 
matter  and  material,  but  building  materials,  particularly  timber. 


APPENDIX.  Ill 


THE    WOPvD   'normal.' 

At  the  inauguration  of  the  Normal  School  at  Millersville,  Pa.  (Dec. 
2,  1859),  as  a  State  institution — Prof.  S.  S.  Haldeman,  A.  M.,  of  Colum- 
bia, Pa.,  in  response  to  an  invitation  to  address  the  meeting,  said : — 

The  inauguration  of  the  first  State  Normal  School  of  Pennsylvania 
seems  to  present  a  proper  occasion  for  an  etymologic  elucidation  of  the 
word  Normal,  chiefly  for  the  benefit  of  the  several  hundred  pupils  here 
present,  that  they  may  have  a  general  idea  of  a  word  so  intimately 
connected  with  their  present  studies,  and  their  future  career  in  the 
honorable  vocation  of  instructors  (primarily  builders  or  edifyers)  of 
the  youthful  mind;  and  as  ideas  of  instruction  are  associated  with 
those  of  visible  operations,  we  may  say  that  faulty  instruction  (like 
negligent  architecture)  is  likely  to  result  in  destruction. 

This  consociation  of  primary  and  metaphoric  meanings  with  the 
modifications  of  a  single  word,  is  present  in  Normal,  Latin  NORMA 
(with  0  in  ore)  a  square  used  by  builders,  a  rule,  norm,  pattern,  model; 
NORMALis  made  by  the  square,  right  by  the  rule; — (rigA-t  (uec-tus) 
rec-titude,  r — ule  (reg-ula)  and  st-raig-^t,  being  cognates.)  It  may 
be  stated  that  the  ancient  Romans  made  constant  use  of  the  square, 
rule,  plummet,  and  the  level  now  in  use,  shaped  like  the  capital  letter 
A,  and  figures  of  them  are  still  to  be  seen  upon  monuments  in  Rome. 

The  word  NO-R-M-AL  is  composed  of  four  portions,  a  stem  followed 
by  three  suflBxes,  of  which  the  first  is  R  formative;  that  is,  used  to 
make  forms  from  roots  or  stems.  It  is  the  R  of  cle-r-k,  fea-r,  au-s-t-ere, 
which  is  not  present  in  mo-r-al,  lib-r-ary,  ove-r.  The  next  is  the  noun 
suffix  M  or  MA,  present  in  dra-m,  regi-m-en,  and  AL  is  the  adjective 
suffix.  The  initial  NO-  is  strictly  the  English  kNO-w,  so  that  normal 
has  something  to  do  with  knowledge.  But  it  has  lost  initial  g-  {gay  in 
get,)  present  in  the  Greek  GNOrizdo'  (I  make  known,)  to  search  into, 
to  acquire  the  knowledge  of;  GI-GNO'sko,  to  know,  to  learn ;  early 
Latin  GNOsco,  afterwards  NOsco  to  know,  get  a  knowledge  of;  Greek 
GNOmon  a  rule,  square,  Ac,  also  (German  kenn-ung)  the  tooth  by 
which  a  horse's  age  is  made  kno-wn;  Persian  kun-da  learned,  wise; 
German  kun-de  knowledge;  kemi-t-niss  science;  kun-st  art,  &q.  Irish 
conn  reason,  sense,  intellect,  prudence;  Welsh  cein-ad  circumspection. 
English  kno-w,  ken,  can,  couthe  (affable,  kind),  cunning  (formerly  in  a 
good  sense),  cann-y  (cautious,  <fec.),  and  by  dropping  the  initial — no-ble, 
no-table ;  but  as  this  no-  was  originally  gno-,  and  as  n  of  the  prefix  in- 
(not)  was  lost,  the  negative  form  of  no-ble  became  i-gno-ble. 

Now  if,  instead  of  becoming  a  norm  and  gnomon  to  youth  by  the 
acquisition  of  this  ken-ing  can-ing  faculty  of  co-gni-tion — this  no-ble 
no-rmal  kno-wledge,  with  its  implied  (conn)  sense,  intellect,  reason. 


112  APPENDIX. 

prudence  and  (cein-ad)  circumspection,  and  its  (couthe)  affable,  kind, 
(cann-y),  cautious,  prudent,  and  gentle  (kun-st)  art,  skill,  profession, 
(kun-de)  knowledge,  and  (kenn-t-niss)  science — if,  instead  of  this,  an 
unfortunate  student  should  fall  upon  the  reverse  or  negative  side  of  our 
word-picture,  he  will  become  an  i-gno-ble,  i-gno-rant,  i-gno-min-ious 
and  un-couth  e-norm-ity,  for  (couthe  being  also  the  old  past  participle 
of  can,)  un-couth-ness  is  un-can-ness,  or  inability,  i.  e.  to  follow  the 
square  and  rule  of  rectitude  in  personal  matters. 

The  prospective  teacher  has  a  theme  for  deep  reflection  in  the  con- 
stellation of  ideas  which  the  word  normal  suggests,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped 
that  all  will  work  for  and  enter  the  sphere  of  their  duties  with  courage, 
hope,  and  reverence,  as  they  are  likely  to  do  when  they  re-co-gni-se 
the  nature  of  their  responsibilities. 

But  we  will  carry  our  metaphoric  language  and  its  moral  a  little 
farther.  There  exists  a  certain  analogy  between  seeing  and  Jcnowitig,  so 
that  we  often  say  "I  see  (or  hioio)  how  to  account  for  it."  In  fact,  the 
Greek  word  'idea'  and  the  English  'wit'  and  'wis-dom'  are  but  cog- 
nates of  what  Latin  has  given  us  in  'vis-ion'  and  in  'e-vid-ent.'  The 
Welsh  cein-ad  (circumspection)  has  a  root  can  (sight,  brightness), 
Latin  CANdeo  (to  shine,  to  burn),  whence  candle,  kindle,  candor,  can- 
did. Now,  to  borrow  a  scriptural  figure,  the  light  of  our  instruction 
must  be  such  as  to  aid  every  one  within  its  reach,  beyond,  as  well  as 
inside  of  the  school  house  ;  but  where  there  are  combustible  materials, 
the  light  must  be  guarded  with  '  caution '  and  '  circumspection,'  or  the 
un-cand-id  watchman  may  become  an  in-cend-iary. 

Nor  must  our  light  be  allowed  to  cause  darkness  by  the  production 
of  smoke  and  soot,  but  the  poisonous  exhalations  inseparable  from  the 
process  must  be  withdrawn  by  proper  ventilation  ,•  and  altho'  the  hurt- 
ful gas  increases  with  the  increasing  light  and  may  threaten  asphyxia, 
yet  the  power  of  removal  increases  with  the  heat,  which  causes  the 
exhalation  to  dissipate  and  seek  an  exit,  as  in  a  mine  from  which  the 
noxious  gases  are  removed  by  a  fire  (sometimes  called  a  lamp),  that 
should  apparently  increase  them,  but  which,  by  a  skilful  arrangement, 
is  made  to  start  a  current  to  carry  them  off.  So  it  is  in  education.  A 
madman  is  dangerous  in  proportion  to  his  strength ;  and  knowledge,  to 
be  a  blessing  to  the  individual  and  the  state,  should  be  developed  in, 
and  tend  to  produce,  a  pure  intellectual  atmosphere,  in  the  Normal 
mode. 


APPENDIX.  113 


EXAMPLES   OF   ENGLISH. 

In  the  following  examples,  an  asterisk  marks  words  derived  from 
Latin. 

1380.  Lo  hou  good  [00  as  indoor]  and  hou  myrie  [merry]  it  is  that  brethren 
dwelle  to  gidere.   ...for  there  the  lord  fente  blefsyng  and  lijf  into  the  world.    IViclt/. 
(Here  ij'  —  y  in  by,  as  in  modern  Dutch.) 

1534.  Behold  how  honeft*  and  ioyoufe*  a  thinge  it  is,  brethern  to  dwel  togither 
being  of  one  mynde.  ...For  there  hath  the  Lorde  promifed*  aboundaunce,*  and 
long  lyfe  to  continewe.*     yoye. 

1 5 71.  Behold  how  good  and  comly  a  thing  it  is  for  brethren  to  dwell  euen  [even] 
togither.  ...for  there  hathe  the  Lorde  commaunded*  blifsing,  and  life  for  euer 
[ever].     Golding, 

1639.  Behold  how  good  and  how  pleafant*  it  is,  for  brethren  to  dwell  even 
together !  ...for  there  Jehovah  hath  commanded*  the  blefsing,  life  unto  eternitie.* 
Ainsworth. 

Dr.  Philemon  Holland  (b.  1551)  translated  the  Natural  History  of 
Pliny  (b.  about  A.  D.  23),  which  was  published  in  1635.  The  following 
extract  is  from  chapter  8  of  the  2d  book,  and  exhibits  many  words 
derived  from  Latin,  as  might  be  expected  in  a  translation  from  that 
language. 

1635.  The  ftars  which  we  faid  were  fixed  in  heauen,  are  not  (as  the  common 
fort  thinketh)  afligned  to  euery  one  of  vs;  and  appointed  to  men  refpectiuely ; 
namely,  the  bright  &  faire  for  the  rich ;  the  leffe  for  the  poore :  the  dim  for  the 
weak,  the  aged  and  feeble  :  neither  fliine  they  out  more  or  leffe,  according  to  the 
lot  and  fortune  of  euery  one,  nor  arife  they  each  one  together  with  that  perfon 
vnto  whom  they  are  appropriate  ;  and  die  likewife  with  the  fame  :  ne  [nor]  yet  as 
they  set  and  fall,  do  they  Cgnifie  that  any  bodie  is  dead.  There  is  not  ywis,  [cer- 
tainly] fo  great  focietie  betweene  heauen  and  vs,  as  that  together  with  the  fatall 
neceffitie  of  our  death,  the  (hining  light  of  the  ftarres  fhould  in  token  of  forrow  go 
out  and  become  mortall. 

In  the  next  short  extract,  nine  words  are  due  to  Latin  and  one 
(method)  to  Greek.  The  former  number  would  have  been  ten,  if  *  indi- 
cates* had  replaced  'shows.' 

1872.  SciEXCE  (Lat.  scire,  to  know)  is  knowledge  set  in  order; 
knowledge  disposed  after  the  rational  method  that  best  shows,  or  tends 
to  show,  the  mutual  relations  of  observed  facts.  E.  Couea,  Key  to 
North  American  Birds. 

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